How to increase the fertilizer efficiency of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers
2018-06-13 11:01:38
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the most commonly used fertilizers in agricultural production and are necessary nutrients for plant growth and development. They are also called "three elements of fertilizers." Due to improper fertilization methods in agricultural production, it often results in loss of fertilizer. 1. Nitrogen fertilizers commonly used in nitrogen fertilizer production include ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonia, liquid ammonia, ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, and urea. Studies have shown that nitrogen fertilizers taken in the field crops do not exceed 40%-50% of the amount of fertilizer used. If the application method is improper, the fertilizer utilization rate will also be reduced from 40%-50% to 20%-30%. In order to reduce the loss of nitrogen nutrients and increase their utilization rate, the following measures can be taken: (1) Deeply applying ammonium nitrogenous fertilizer Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is applied deep in the soil at depths of 8-15 cm and covers the soil to increase the amount of ammonium to the soil. The adsorption of ions reduces the volatilization of nitrogen nutrients and improves their utilization. According to a field trial conducted by the orchard farm of Guizhou Forestry School, deep application of ground-based application can generally increase the fertilizer efficiency by 10%-25%. (2) The soil texture and organic matter content of the soil applied to the soil have an effect on the nitrogen fertilizer application. It is generally believed that the organic matter in the sandy soil is rapidly mineralized and has poor fertility, and should be applied in small quantities; while the organic matter in the clay soil is mineralized slowly, the applied nitrogen fertilizer is easily adsorbed by soil colloids and fixed by microorganisms. Strong performance, can be large and small secondary application; and loam soil fertilization and fertilizer performance is excellent, according to the growth needs of plants at any time fertilization. (3) Different plants have different requirements and types of nitrogen fertilizers due to different fertilizer applications. Leaf harvested plants such as leafy vegetables, tea trees, mulberry trees, etc., are mainly suitable for ammonium nitrogen; bark fiber plants are more suitable for ammonium chloride, such as hemp, Eucommia ulmoides, yellow peony, etc.; flowers, fruit trees are often nitrate Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is suitable. Nitrogen requirements are also different at different stages of the same plant species. In spring and summer, the amount of nitrogen needed is more than 52%, and the fruit enlargement period requires a decrease in quantity. Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied early in time, but no nitrogen fertilizer should be applied during fruit ripening to prevent late-maturing lust. (4) Fertilization with other fertilizers The soil in China is generally deficient in nitrogen, but if there is a lack of phosphorus, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is also very low. Therefore, the combination of nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium and trace element fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer application effect will be better. (5) Addition of nitrogen synergist to nitrogen fertilizers Nitrogen fertilizer synergist is an organic chemical substance. When mixed with nitrogen fertilizer, it can inhibit the progress of soil nitrification and reduce the loss of nitrogen fertilizer due to denitrification. At present, the synergists for trial production and trial use in China include 2-chloro-6 (trichloromethyl) pyridine (CP), thiourea (SU), and 2-amino + chloro-6-methyl pyrimidine (AM). 2. Phosphorus Phosphorus has a significant relationship with cell division and the synthesis, transformation, transport, and respiration of organic matter. Applying phosphate fertilizer can increase plant resistance and inhibit plant growth. In rural areas, the loss of phosphate fertilizers due to improper application of phosphate fertilizer is particularly serious. According to the survey, in the rural areas in the southern part of the country, phosphorus fertilizers are often applied or the phosphate fertilizer is directly applied to the soil. Since most of the southerly soil is acidic, it has a strong fixation effect on phosphorus. Once phosphorus is fixed, it is lost. Fertility, which greatly reduces the fertilizer efficiency of phosphate fertilizer. In order to increase the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer, the following measures can be taken when applying: (1) Applying different types of phosphate fertilizer according to soil conditions, different phosphorus fertilizers are suitable for different soils. Superphosphate is a water-soluble phosphate fertilizer, suitable for most soils, but applied to Neutral and alkaline soils are more effective, and weak acid-soluble phosphate fertilizers such as calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and alkaline slag should be applied to neutral or acidic soils; insoluble phosphate fertilizers such as phosphate rock powder and bone powder can be used only on acidic soils. Fertilizer effect. The lower the available phosphorus in the soil, the higher the fertilizer efficiency of applying phosphate fertilizer. Therefore, the application of phosphate fertilizer in the thin phosphorus-deficient soil is more effective. (2) Phosphorus fertilizer combined with nitrogen fertilizer application The phosphorus-deficient soil generally also lacks nitrogen, but if the proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus is good, the utilization rate of phosphorus can be increased from 13.8% to 30%, and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is preferably 2:1. (3) The concentrated application, near root application, and layered application of phosphate fertilizer are less mobile in calcareous soils and acidic soils, and are easily chemically fixed. Therefore, the use of planting, acupuncture, rooting, seed dressing, foliar spraying, basal deep application, etc., can reduce the contact area between phosphate fertilizer and soil, and strive to apply near the roots, in order to better improve the utilization of phosphate fertilizer. (4) Mixing with organic fertilizers Fertilizer infertile phosphate fertilizers (such as phosphate rock) are best mixed with green manure, compost, and peat together before application. The carbon dioxide and organic acids produced during the decomposition of organic fertilizers contribute to the conversion of non-water-soluble phosphorus compounds into available phosphorus in the phosphate fertilizers. It also prevents water-soluble phosphorus from being fixed by calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum ions in the soil. This can improve the fertilizer efficiency of insoluble phosphate fertilizers. The phosphorus fertilizer added to the stack is generally 5%-10% of organic fertilizer. 3. The application of potash fertilizer in the inorganic potassium fertilizer agricultural production can improve plant lodging resistance, drought resistance and disease resistance. Potassium fertilizer alone is generally ineffective, and only with the application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers have effect. The application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in a ratio of 2:1:0.5 is ideal. During the application process, potassium chloride should be used with caution in some chlorine-tolerant plants and seedlings such as tobacco, spruce, tea trees, and fruit trees.
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