Occurrence of Diseases and Insect Pests of Medicinal Plants and Its Control Strategy

Institute of Medicinal Plants, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cheng Huizhen (Beijing, 100094) China Union Medical College. I. Occurrence characteristics of pests and diseases of medicinal plants The occurrence, development and prevalence of plant diseases and insect pests depends on the host, pathogen, insect source and environmental factors. Interrelationships. Because the cultivation techniques, biological characteristics, and required ecological conditions of medicinal plants have their own particularities, it also determines that the occurrence of pests and diseases of medicinal plants has its own characteristics compared with other crops, mainly in the following aspects: . (A) The relationship between the authentic medicinal materials and the occurrence of diseases and pests Medicinal plant cultivation has a very important feature is the history of the formation of authentic medicinal herbs. For example, ginseng in Northeast China, Sanqi in Yunnan, wolfberry in Ningxia, four major medicines, Zhaba and so on. The authentic medicinal materials are formed by factors such as climate, soil, and people's cultivation habits. They are characterized by a long history of cultivation. The variety, quality, and cultivation methods of medicinal materials are relatively stable. In this case, as a result of long-term natural selection, the pathogens and insect sources that are adapted to the environmental conditions in the area and the corresponding host are bound to accumulate year by year, and they are often severely harmed by this authentic medicinal material. For example, ginseng rust in Northeast China, this pathogen is a fungal living in forest soil. The environmental conditions required for its growth and development are fully consistent with those of ginseng. Therefore, it has become an important disease of Northeast ginseng, and is an important use of ginseng land. obstacle. However, in the case of planting ginseng in farmland in Beijing, the severity of rusty rot is replaced by root rot, because root rot bacteria in farmland soils in the plain area dominate. Another example is the root rot in Yunnan Sanqi, Zhejiang Atractylodes surgical worms, hawthorn fruit pod moths, nymphs Ningxia locusts, negative mud worms. (B) The types of pests are complex, and the number of single-eating and non-eating pests is relatively high. Medicinal plants include herbs, rattan, woody and other plants. The growth cycle is one year old, several years or even decades old. There are many kinds of pests. Since various medicinal plants contain their own special chemical components, this also determines that certain special pests prefer these plants or tend to lay eggs on these plants. Therefore, medicinal plants have relatively more mono- and polyphagous pests. For example, dry-spotted borers, cut-wing moths, Atractylodes macrocephala, honeysuckle ulmus, hawthorn fruit moth, and astragalus seed bee, etc. They only eat one or several kinds of closely related plants. New species of insects are often found in medicinal plants. Therefore, the investigation and research on the types of pests in medicinal plants will not only be necessary for the production of high-quality, high-yield medicinal plants, but will also help China's insect fauna research to become more complete. (c) The serious underground diseases and underground pests of medicinal plants are a serious problem. Because underground parts such as roots, roots and bulbs of many important medicinal plants are both parts of medicinal plants that have accumulated nutrients and medicinal parts. Some of them are very vulnerable to pathogenic bacteria and pests in the soil, resulting in deterioration of the quality of the medicinal materials and even death. Due to the difficulty in the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests in the underground areas, losses have been heavy and have historically been the most difficult problems in plant pest control. Almost all medicinal plants that are used as underground medicines have serious problems of underground diseases and insect pests. Examples of outstanding production, such as ginseng rust and root rot, Fritillaria spp., Atractylodes root rot, aconite root disease, root rot of Angelica root, Panax notoginseng rot, Dioscorea nematophila, etc.; underground There are many kinds of pests, such as cockroaches, cockroaches and golden needles, which are widely distributed. After the roots of plants are damaged, they form wounds, which cause the invasion of bacteria, and further spread the diseases in the underground areas. (4) The vegetative propagation material is an important source of the initial infection of pests and diseases. The use of the vegetative organs (roots, stems, and leaves) of plants to breed new individuals plays an important role in the cultivation of medicinal plants. Some medicinal plants have difficult seeds to germinate, or they use seed to grow plants that grow slowly and have a long period of time. Therefore, they are used for vegetative propagation in production. For example, Fritillaria grows one year at a time with bulbs, and it takes five years to harvest with seeds. Asexual reproduction can maintain good maternal traits, such as the commonly used root-reproduction of dioscorea, can make plants grow neatly, yield high, maintain their pure lineage; for dioecious plants, asexual reproduction can control the proportion of their male and female strains, such as Diaolou. Therefore, asexual reproduction is widely used in the propagation of medicinal plants. Since these propagation materials are basically underground parts such as roots, tuberous roots, and bulbs of medicinal plants, they often carry pathogens and eggs. Therefore, vegetative propagation materials are an important source of initial infection of pests and diseases, and they are also an important route for transmission of diseases and pests. Seedlings and seedlings are transferred frequently, which accelerates the spread of pests and diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to establish disease-free fields, select healthy seedlings, appropriate seeds, seedlings, and strict inter-regional quarantine in production. II. Concepts of plant protection in the production of green Chinese medicinal plants and strategies for the control of pests and diseases of medicinal plants Chinese herbal medicines are special products for people to prevent diseases and treat diseases. The cultivation of medicinal plants requires a certain amount of output, and they pay more attention to the quality of medicinal materials. Effective The content of ingredients must comply with the provisions of the national pharmacopoeia. Therefore, in the application of various measures for the prevention and control of pests and diseases of medicinal plants, it is necessary to control the pests and diseases without reducing the quality of Chinese medicinal materials and avoiding the contamination of pesticides and other pollutants on Chinese herbal medicines. (1) The concept of plant protection in the production of green Chinese medicinal materials 1. Green Chinese medicinal materials refer to non-polluting, safe, and high-quality Chinese medicinal materials that produce green Chinese medicinal materials. We believe that we should base ourselves on the health of the plants themselves. This is a "green plant." Plant protection basics. It is necessary to use disease-resistant, insect-resistant varieties, excellent seedlings, raise the level of cultivation and management, pay attention to the adjustment of plant nutrition, etc. These measures can not only increase the yield and improve the quality of Chinese medicinal materials, but also help to enhance their resistance to pests and diseases. . 2. Prevention and control of pests and diseases on medicinal plants and prevention of contamination of various kinds of pollutants on Chinese herbal medicines are the contents of plant protection in the production of green Chinese medicinal plants. According to the ecological point of view, systematic methods are applied in experimental research, production practices and Based on the absorption of advanced technologies at home and abroad, prevention and control measures for pests and diseases of medicinal plants are formulated, and prevention and control are carried out according to the economic threshold of pest and disease damage. 3. Take natural control and biological control as the main means to attract and cultivate natural enemies and increase the level of biodiversity. Plants and insects, plants and microorganisms live together for a long time, adapt to each other, evolve, and differentiate. In this coordinated evolution process, the Secondary biomass plays a leading role. Therefore, it is possible to develop and utilize plant secondary insecticides and bactericides that utilize some of the plant's secondary biomass that has strong physiological activity against insects and pathogenic microorganisms. 4. Choose pesticides with high, low toxicity and low residual pesticides to use pesticides rationally, and reduce the use of pesticides to the lowest level, so that the pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines and their processed products are lower than those permitted by FAO, WHO or China. (II) Pest control strategies for medicinal plants The prevention and control of pests and diseases of medicinal plants should adopt the integrated management strategy IPM (Integrited Pests Management); integrated prevention and control is based on the overall perspective of biology and environment, and is based on the guiding principle of prevention. The principle of safety, efficiency, economy, and convenience is based on local conditions. The agricultural, biological, chemical, and physical methods and other effective ecological means are used rationally to control the hazards of pests and diseases below the economic threshold so as to improve economic efficiency. The purpose of ecological and social benefits. However, although China is a big country for the cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines, it also faces many new research topics. For example, with the growing number of wild varieties, the types of pests and diseases of medicinal plants are far from being ascertained, and there are many pathogens and pests. The species has not been named, and the beneficial species are more subject to research protection and utilization. The research on the important diseases and pests of medicinal plants is not thorough enough, and no comprehensive systemic control measures have yet been proposed. Therefore, in order to promote the implementation of GAP, the basic research on pests and diseases of medicinal plants should be strengthened. In the prevention and control of diseases and pests, research on new pollution-free technologies should be emphasized. III. Cutting-edge research projects urgently needed for the prevention and control of pests and diseases in medicinal plants (I) Cultivation techniques for green Chinese herbal medicines Sustainable agriculture is the development trend of contemporary agriculture. Successfully managing all kinds of resources to meet human needs, while improving the quality of the environment is the basic content of sustainable agriculture. The Declaration on the Protection of the Environment of the World Environment Protection Congress stated that it is necessary to control the sale and use of chemical pesticides on a global scale, which undoubtedly plays a significant role in the research and application of new pollution-free technologies. Green Chinese herbal medicines refer to non-polluting, safe, and high-quality Chinese herbal medicines. The production of green Chinese medicinal herbs should be based on the health of the plants themselves. This is the basis for plant protection of “green plants”, breeding disease-resistant and insect-resistant varieties, breeding elite seedlings, raising the level of cultivation and management, and paying attention to adjusting the nutrition of plants. Measures can not only increase the yield and improve the quality of Chinese medicinal materials, but also help to enhance their resistance to pests and diseases. Some medicinal plants use pesticides improperly, resulting in a decrease in the content of active ingredients. Obviously, green Chinese herbal medicine cultivation techniques have obvious professional advantages in continuous agriculture. At the same time, according to the characteristics of medicinal plants, the research on biological control and the research on plant-based pesticides are carried out. These non-polluting new technologies and new methods have broad prospects for research. (II) Pest control of authentic medicinal materials The authentic medicinal materials of medicinal herbs are usually high-quality medicinal materials and are the key varieties for the production and development of Chinese medicinal materials. Due to climate, soil, people's cultivation habits and other factors, they are characterized by a long history of cultivation. The variety, quality and cultivation techniques of wood are relatively stable. In this case, due to the long-term natural selection results, the pathogens must be accumulated year by year to adapt to the pathogenic conditions in the area, seriously harming these authentic medicinal materials, such as the real ropes, negative mud insects, fruit moths, Black fruit disease and so on. (c) Strengthening the root disease of medicinal plants, that is, the prevention and treatment of soil-borne diseases Since the underground parts of medicinal plants such as roots, rhizomes and bulbs are medicinal parts, these underground parts are vulnerable to pathogens and pests in the soil. As a result, the quality of medicinal materials has declined, and even the destruction has been devastating, and prevention and control have been very difficult. As a result, losses have been severe and have historically been a problem in pest control. Almost all of the medicines used in medicine in underground areas have this problem. The most prominent ginseng rust, root rot, American ginseng blight, and diseases in production are important obstacles to the use of old ginseng. (IV) Prevention and control of foraging pests Drilling pests are commonly used as medicinal plants. Whether woody, herbaceous, or vine-based medicinal plants, these pests are harmful. Many species directly eat medicinal parts and cause serious damage. loss. At the same time, it is difficult to prevent and control. Once it is invaded, the general prevention and control methods are difficult to work. Such as the stem of the chrysanthemum Tianniu, North sand ginseng borer, fruit pod hawthorn fruit moth, 枸 zaosheng rope, safflower buds of the safflower fruit fly, honeysuckle moth moth, longhorn beak, grazing seed jaundice Wide shoulder peaks and so on. Therefore, such pests should be the main control research object. (5) To formulate the allowable residue standards for Chinese herbal medicines in China, taking into account the permitted amounts of pesticides retained by crops such as the FAO and the World Health Organization (WHO) and China, and formulate pesticide residues for commonly used and bulk Chinese herbal medicines. Allowing standards to promote the modernization of Chinese medicine. (From the Symposium on Standardized Planting Research of Chinese Medicinal Materials, September 25-27, 2004)

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