The reason of daily burning of red grape and its defense measures

Red grape has many good traits such as grain size, ear weight, good color, sweet taste, brittleness, and resistance to storage and transportation. It has a good reputation in domestic and foreign fruit markets. In recent years, the development of red grape as a new bright spot in the strategic adjustment of the rural industrial structure has been implemented throughout China. The “two red” industry in Shaoshan County of Shanxi Province, namely the development of red dates and red grape, has reached a scale and has achieved great success. In the area of ​​the Weihe river channel, there are many red vineyards on the Weibei platform and the Weinan river, which are quite impressive. Before and after the National Day and the Mid-Autumn Festival, there was a steady stream of fruit merchants around the country. The market was booming and hot, and the fruit peasant money bags bulged. However, with the great development of red grape, the occurrence of sunburn disease in the ear continues to plague the progress of this new industry. Since 2001, the red grape has been greatly inferior to the sunburn disease. Now it has become a major focus and difficulty for fruit growers. The main symptoms of red grape grape burn disease concentrated in the ear, after fruit damage, the skin appeared irregular light brown patches, after the patch gradually expanded and slightly depressed, dark brown. However, no abnormal symptoms were observed in the flesh beneath the lesions, and the ear of daily burning became soft and drooping. It was vulnerable to anthrax and white rot and caused serious economic losses. Pathogen and pathogenicity: 1 pathogenic red grape grape burn disease is a non-invasive physiological disease. Under the strong radiation of high temperature, air drying and sunlight, the damage caused by the burning of the tender skin tissue of the berry. 2 The onset of the disease The sensitive period of red grape grape ear drying occurs usually from late May to mid-to-late June. The pathogenic environment is that the temperature exceeds 30°C, the air humidity is less than 30%, and the soil moisture content is less than 40%. Fields with poor maximum water holding capacity and soil permeability in the field; too many plant results, weak tree vigor, poor development of the leaf curtain layer, will increase the incidence of sunburn disease; summer tips will be picked up too early and the secondary tips will be too heavy to handle. Protected by the leaf curtain is also easy to cause the ear to burn; single application of fertilizer, organic fertilizer is insufficient, the lack of potassium in the soil, lack of phosphorus and calcium, inadequate frame selection is an important cause of human induced disease. Defensive measures: 1. The selection of a suitable shelf type has an important influence on the ecological environment of the vineyards such as light, heat and humidity. Due to the particularity of the occurrence site of the ear and the leaf curtain layer, the single-wall hedges are frequently exposed to high temperatures and severe disease conditions in the summer under high temperature, dryness and strong light. Therefore, it is recommended to use V-shaped racks in the red-producing vineyard where sunburn is common. Production practices have shown that the use of V-shaped cultivars to cultivate red grapes has a good effect on the prevention of sunburn (see Grape V-Shaped Shaping Technology for details). 2. Scientific management of canopy 1 Reasonable load: The ability of grape ears to withstand adverse ecological conditions depends to a large extent on the nutritional status of the tree. The result is excessive, and the nutrient deficiency of the tree affects the development of the adhesive layer in the cuticle and the epidermal cells, thereby reducing the water holding capacity of the pulp cells and causing sunburn disease. For this purpose, the medium-sized garden in the management of fertilizer and water, the red grape grape The output should be controlled at the level of 1500~2000 kg to obtain good market benefits with strong trees, high quality and high prices. The density of the two vines should be appropriate: Red vines should be cultivated on the fence, and 7~10 new shoots per square meter should be reserved. The dendrite density is too large, the tree is overloaded, the tree vigor is weak, and it is easy to induce the burning of the ear. 3Science Summer Scissors: Red grapevines have a high incidence of sunburn. Too much of the new shoots can be premature and overweight. The tips of the new shoots should be suitable for the mature leaves. Results The shoots were picked up 7 to 10 days after anthesis. 9 to 10 leaves were kept in each shoot. After the shoots were picked, the shoots were successively removed. The sub tips were usually removed from the shoots; ~4 leaf topping (due to the relative thinness of the red grape leaves, and the fruit is easily burned, so the tip of the shoot should be left with more leaves), and the secondary shoots should be completely removed. 4 Ear Management: According to tree vigor and fertilizer status, remove too many inflorescences in time, and carefully remove the ear tips, arrange the ears, and achieve a reasonable load. 3. The well-established root system The growth and development of red grape roots and the absorption of metabolic functions are closely related to the daily burning of the ear. Based on this, a sandy loam or silty loam with loose texture and good permeability should be selected to promote root development; 2 increase soil organic matter and continuously increase soil comprehensive capacity, so that the soil organic matter content in the concentrated distribution layer of grape roots reaches 1.5% or more; in the fertilization process, nitrogen fertilizer can not be excessive, beware of shoots grow long, pay special attention to the application of potassium fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and calcium fertilizer. It is important to note that grapes are potassium fruit trees, and the major countries in Europe and the United States pay special attention to the input of potash fertilizer and maintain the effective potassium content in the soil to 160 mg/g. In addition, based on the application of basal fertilizer to the soil, in the fruit's growth and development season, The red grapes are sprayed with potassium, phosphorus and calcium fertilizers on many occasions to increase the nutrition of the ear; 3 According to the soil moisture and weather conditions of the garden, timely watering in the sensitive period of sunburn disease, so that the grape roots concentrate layered soil The amount of water is not less than 50 to 60% of the field water holding capacity, and can form soil mass when held by hand. 4, to take protective measures 1 implementation of ear bagging technology, the use of grape production special paper bags to protect the ear, not only improve the appearance of red grape grape fruit quality, but also to prevent the burning of the sun and pests and pesticides pollution, can be described as killing two birds with one stone. 2 The fog in the vineyard, from late May to mid-June, if the continuous temperature exceeds 30°C, the humidity is lower than 30%, and the afternoon sunlight radiates more than 100,000 luxes, the evening or morning will fog the shelf. Diminish the intensity of short-wave solar radiation. 3 In the dangerous period of the occurrence of sunburn disease, use waste woven bags or newspapers, and tie a horn-shaped (like lamp-shaped) cover to the ear to protect the sun from the size of the ear. 4 Timely prevention and control of pests and diseases, protection of roots, branches, leaves and ears robust growth and development, improve the resistance of berries.

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