Burdock
Burdock is a biennial herbal root vegetable of the Asteraceae family. Its seed Chinese medicine is a strong child, with the function of evacuation of wind and heat, swelling and detoxification, burdock root can also be used as medicine is rich in inulin, can be wind-heat, swelling and poisoning. The vegetable burdock cultivation is mostly imported from Japan and the Japanese burdock root is cooked or flooded. At the end of the 1980s, the province introduced species from Japan, and it has now developed into the main export varieties of Huaibei. Generally about 1500 kilograms per mu, high-yielding fields up to 2500 kilograms.
First, biological characteristics
1, botanical traits: burdock root is straight, cylindrical column, root length varies from species to species, usually 40 to 100 cm, thick root epidermis, nearly yellow-brown, fleshy gray, exposed in the air will be The white color turns brown.
Burdock generally bolting from May to June, flowering from July to August, insect-borne flowers, mature fruit 30-40 days after flowering. Seeds are achenes, with a grain weight of 11.2-14.4 grams.
2. Requirements for environmental conditions: The seeds can germinate at temperatures above 10°C. The optimum germination temperature is 20-25°C. When the temperature is below 15°C and above 30°C, the germination rate is reduced. The burdock is a hi light crop. The above-ground part has high temperature resistance and weak cold resistance, and the temperature is below 3°C for several days. The roots are cold-resistant and re-emerged after winter.
The burdock root is a straight root and is deeper in the soil. It is more suitable for planting in loam where the topsoil is deep, the groundwater level is low, and the drainage is good and the soil is fertile. Especially in the alluvial areas of the river, the best growth occurs in the deep loam soil.
The calf is impatient. Should adhere to the rotation, avoid continuous cropping, in order to reduce the harm of nematodes to the roots, improve the yield and quality.
Second, cultivation technology
1, the main varieties
Yanagawa ideal. Mid-late-maturing varieties, the above-ground ministers are busy, their roots are cylindrical, strips are straight, up to 100cm long, have great potential for yield increase, strong cold resistance, long sowing period in late autumn, fast spring, strong growth, thick increase The skin color is good, the flavor is strong, and the harvesting period is long. It is the main cultivar in wintering burdock production, but the autumn sowing is not easy to prematurely, so as to avoid bolting in advance.
Watanabe was born early. Early-maturing varieties have a root length of about 80 cm. The roots of the meat are soft, aroma-rich, and of good quality. The varieties are bolted overnight and can be planted in spring and autumn.
2. Mouthwash arrangement
Spring crickets: The most common use of this gargle arrangement, generally from April to May sowing, harvesting from October to November, can be stored for about 4 months, and a large number of storage and transportation. Often used in late-maturing varieties.
Autumn and winter pods: sowed from early October to mid-October. Harvested from May to July in the following year. When planting, it is necessary to strictly select the late bolting cultivars and sow them at an appropriate time.
3. Fertilization for soil preparation: The output of burdock needs to be high, and the amount of fertilizer is large. Before the ditching and ridging, the soil should be fully ploughed. The application of high-quality soil and fertilizer must be 5, nitrogen is 25-30 kg, and phosphorus is 25-30 kg. 25-30 pounds. After cultivating and leveling, mechanical deep-dug ditches are used for each 80cm line, with a groove width of 25cm and a depth of 100cm. In this way, loose soil can be achieved in the ditch and the upper and lower layers can be kept undisturbed. Then deep-furrowed with soil ridge, ridge bottom width 35-40cm, ridge height 15-20cm, top width 20cm, ridge shoot flat after the species.
4, sowing, Dingmiao. Before sowing, the seeds must first be soaked and germinated. Seeds can be sown and then sown. Before sowing, 3–5 cm seedling furrows are opened in the center of high ridges. If the lye is insufficient, seeds can be sown with water. After infiltration, a hole is planted every 7–10 cm. Sowing the amount of double grains per hole, after sowing, the soil can be covered with 2cm slightly. About 15 days after emergence, seedlings were planted, leaving one seedling per hole. Make sure that the mu density is 10,000.
5, field management
About 15 days after the winter burdock emerges, combined with Dingmiao to clean up the weeds, and buckle the small bow shed at the end of October and early November to prevent seedlings from freezing, which is conducive to safe wintering and early spring, late ventilation and unmasking management. The growth provides a suitable environment and space, prolongs the period of rhizome enlargement and increases the yield.
After April of the following year, the rhizome of the burdock grows thicker, and it needs more fertilizer and water during the expansion period. Should be based on the growing trend, generally in the large-scale implementation of N, P, K three elements of compound fertilizer 30 kg, to do fertilizer and water combination. It is advisable to water with horse water. This period, such as drought, not only affects the yield increase, but also the roots and stems are easy to fibrosis and reduce quality. In the middle and later stages, pest control and pest control can be combined. Foliar spraying is fast and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is used to accelerate the synthesis of photosynthetic products and transport nutrients to the roots and promote rapid expansion of rootstocks.
Burdock itself is resistant to drought and fear of picking. The accumulation of stagnant water in the field for more than three days can result in heavy loss of root rot. Therefore, it is necessary to timely clear the ditch and manage to do the matching of the three-grooves in the field so as to ensure the smooth flow of water. The rain stops and there is no water accumulation in the fields.
Underground pests often endanger rhizome of burdock, which is one of the major causes of severe reduction in hair loss. First, combine tillage before planting, and use 3 kg of Miler to prevent and control nematodes. After sowing, the ground will be spread to eliminate underground pests such as cockroaches. At the end of March and early April, poisoning or poisonous soil is used to prevent and control the larvae. Remove aphid after removing the film.
Third, recovery and processing
Burdock is a perennial plant, but fresh roots are edible parts. Early harvest, low root output, late harvest, roots and stems easy to fibrosis, reduce quality. The most suitable harvest period for wintering burdock is mid-to-late June. During this period, rhizome yield is high, quality is good, and the aroma is strong. Spring sowing burdock, more than mid-to-late November harvest. When harvesting, the stems and leaves of the ground shall be cut first, and the depth of 30cm shall be dug on the side of the small high ridge to expose the root of the burdock. Then hold the rhizome upwards and pull it out easily. After the harvest, the base of the leaves is kept at 1.5cm, and it is graded according to the requirements of processing factories. Each bundle is sold at 2.5 to 3.0kg.
There are various ways of eating burdock, but before eating, the skin of the fleshy root must be scraped and cut into pieces or strips.
Put the silk into the basin for use. The most common way to eat is to make soup dishes, which can be cut into thin strips or squares and fish as required. With flour, onion ginger, parsley and other seasonings and burdock hanging paste mixed in the pan fried yellow, sweet and sweet, endless aftertaste. After mixing with flour and burdock, it is steamed in a cage and tastes delicious.
The cultivation technology of burdock
The burdock is a vegetable with a fleshy fleshy root. The petioles and young leaves are also edible. The scientific name is Arctum Iappa L, which is also known as Tadao, Niuzi, Bat thorn, and Oriental radish. The Asteraceae burdock is a two-and-three-year-old herb that can form straight roots. Native to Asia.
The fleshy root of burdock is rich in nutritional value. Each 100 grams of fresh vegetables contains about 87 grams of water, 4.1-4.7 grams of protein, 3.0-3.5 grams of carbohydrates, 0.1 grams of fat, and 1.3-1.5 grams of cellulose. Carotene up to 390 mg. Vitamin Cl.9 mg. The mineral element contains 240 mg of calcium, 106 mg of phosphorus, 7.6 mg of iron, and contains many other nutrients. Burdock root is tender and crispy. Can be fried, cooked, raw or processed into drinks.
In addition to vegetables, burdock fruits and roots can be used as medicine. Recent studies have shown that regular consumption of burdock prevents premature aging of the human body and can prevent the occurrence of hypertension. At the same time, the oil content of burdock seeds is as high as 18.2% and can be used as industrial oil.
At present, there are a small number of burdock plants in China, except for medicinal purposes, mainly exported to Japan and other countries. In Japan, burdock is regarded as a Johnson Health Vegetable, which is loved by consumers and has a large demand. In recent years, Beijing has begun planting and continuously increasing exports. The cultivation techniques are as follows.
First, the cultivation season
The burdock is cultivated in the open field and can be sown in spring and autumn. The spring sowing is the main production method. The seeds are sown in late March to early April and harvested in early July. The warm areas can be harvested and received in April. The autumn planting can be planted from early August to early September. The warm area can be harvested in December, while the northern area needs to cover the winter and harvest in May next year. General 667 meters 2 production up to 2000 kilograms. In northern cold regions, burdock can also use greenhouses or greenhouses for early or late cultivation.
Second, the selection of land preparation and base fertilizer
Planting burdock should choose sunny terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage, deep soil layer, soil fertile loam soil or clay soil block. If bovine bogey should not be used as a continuum, the rotation should be carried out for 3-5 years. It is more appropriate to use cereal crops or leafy vegetables before harvesting. After the land is selected, it should be sown as early as possible, till 40-50 centimeters deep. After fully frozen or sun-dried, the soil should be smashed and flattened. Every 667m 2 will be fully decomposed by fertilization or composting 2500-3000 kg. Mix 30 kg of superphosphate and 20 kg of potassium chloride, and pour it into the soil. Do 2-3 meters wide (even ditch) sorghum, or 65-70 cm wide, 15 cm high ridge, ready to sow.
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