Pear wide and dense planting efficient planting technology

1 Jianyuan

Choose a place with flat terrain, light loam, good fertility and good irrigation conditions. In the autumn of 2010, the trenching machine was used to excavate the planting ditch with a depth of 80cm and a width of 80cm. For every 666.7m2, corn stalks, peanut shells 0.5t, urea 50kg, and decomposed organic fertilizer 3t were applied. First place the prepared seedlings in the shade or in the shade of the closed light. When the temperature rises, the seedlings of the surrounding orchard are germinated, the seedlings are taken out, and the roots are immersed in water for 24 hours. It adopts high-quality large seedlings and strong seedlings to directly plant and build gardens, and is planted in dense and dense plants. It has a line between north and south, with a row spacing of 0.7m3m and a rectangular garden (Fig. 1). After the seedlings are planted, plastic film bags are placed on the seedlings to reduce the evaporation of water from the trees, which provides a good growth environment for pear bud development and accelerates the development of pear buds. At the same time, a black mulch is laid on the ground in the row to increase the ground temperature and accelerate the growth of the root system. Shun seedlings planted in the direction of the pole, pull the line, the seedlings tied and fixed.

It is advisable to use varieties that are easy to flower, have high fruit setting rate and high economic value as pollination trees, such as early crisp, crisp, early golden crisp, snow blue, etc., which can be pollinated trees for each other. The ratio of main varieties to pollinated varieties is 5:1. .

2 management technology

2.1 Management under the tree

Natural grass. After the land preparation, the wild weeds can grow freely and grow rapidly, and the tall and malignant grasses such as ragweed, amaranth, alfalfa, ramie and alfalfa are removed (or castrated). The cutting season is timely castration, regulating the succession of grass species, and promoting grasses as the main grass species. The cutting time is controlled by the selection of the grass species (such as crabgrass, alfalfa, etc.) before the inflorescences are to be eliminated. Before the seeds are to be eliminated (such as alfalfa, leeks, ramie, etc.), the seeds are castrated 4 to 6 times a year, during the rainy season. Stop casting at the end. It is advisable to cut the height of the stubble to about 20cm. The castrated grass is covered on the inner ridge.

Fertilization. After picking the fruit in late August, high-quality decomposed farmyard manure was applied, and the amount of application was equivalent to that of the current year. It can be rotated by mechanical application after ditch or surface application. Irrigation. Make a 30cm high back along the trunk to increase the amount of irrigation and reduce the number of irrigation. Water is poured once before germination, after flowering, during fruit expansion and before freezing.

2.2 plastic trim

At a planting density of 0.7 m3 m, a cylindrical tree shape is used. Its main features are: tree height 3.0~3.5m, dry height 60cm or so, 24~26 medium and small result branch groups are directly formed on the trunk, and the base thickness of the branch group does not exceed 1/3 of the center dry diameter of the living part. The branching branch angle is 70-90. The branching between the rows does not exceed 1/3 of the line spacing (Figure 3).

The key points of the cylindrical tree shape are: strong seedlings are not dry, not short cut, no retraction; multiple buds promote branching, and the branches are uniaxially extended; the result of the center stem is less than the center dry 1 /3; The center of the extension branch is not short, the top of the crown is not happy, when the tree is too high, choose the lower weak extension branch for the head.

Trim in the first year. The seedlings are indefinitely dry, and the buds on the center of the stem are severely wounded before germination (60 cm from the ground and 30 cm from the top). The bud part is 0.5 cm above the bud, and the length of the slash is 1/2 to 3/4 of the circumference of the branch, reaching the xylem. When the leaves are deciduous, the height of the tree reaches 2.5 to 3.0 m, and 30 to 40 branches are formed. When the new shoot is 15 to 20 cm, the new tip is horned to 90 with a toothpick (Fig. 4, Fig. 5). Basically, it is not pruned in winter, only the branches of the branches are eliminated or the branching branches are more than 1/3.

The second year of pruning. Before germination, the buds of the branches were extended to the center (except for the apex of 30 cm), and the branches of the branches with individual angles less than 45 and lengths greater than 75 cm were flattened in the autumn. In winter, the amount of pruning should be light, and the focus should be on the branches of individual branches or the branches that are more than 1/3 of the branches.

Trimming in the third year. In the autumn, the branches are flattened with individual angles less than 45 and lengths greater than 75 cm. In the winter pruning, the branches of the individual branches are removed, or the branches are more than 1/3 of the branches, and the branches are used for the excessive branches. Cylindrical shaping is completed in 3 to 4 years. It can be seen from Table 1 that in the second year of planting, the height of the trees reached 1.8m or more. Through multiple engraving buds, the average number of branches per plant reached 31, the average length of new shoots was 27.2cm, and the width of the canopy was controlled within the range of 54cm49cm. Inside. After the fifth year of planting, the individual long branches were removed by pulling the open angles to maintain the crown width within the range of 160 cm 110 cm.

2.3 Flower Management

Thinning fruit. Fruit thinning was carried out 10 days after fruit setting. According to the tree potential and the requirement of “pressing the fruit”, the appropriate load is maintained. Generally, early golden crisps and early pears leave 1 fruit per 25cm; early golden incense leaves 1 fruit per 20cm. Fruit bagging. Bagging 30 days after flowering. Spray sterilization and insecticide before bagging. When bagging, the bag mouth is tight, the fruit is suspended in the bag, and the air outlet at the bottom of the bag is opened.

The results of the 3-year-old tree began, and the number of tree plants was above 91%. The initial results were mainly based on the results of the buds, and the results of the short-fruit branches were gradually followed. The yield of 36.7 year old tree 666.7m2 is 1328kg, and the annual yield is 4130kg. The average quality fruit rate is 93%.

2.4 pest and disease prevention and control

Agricultural prevention and control. Before the freezing, the soil in the pear garden will be rotted again, and the weeds will be ploughed into the soil, combined with irrigation, destroying the living environment of the wintering pests in the soil, and destroying some of the spider mites, the heartworm, the boat-shaped caterpillars, and the moths. Thoroughly scrape rough old skin and disease before germination. Thoroughly remove weeds, fallen leaves, residual branches, and dead fruits; cut away diseased branches and dead branches, bring out orchards to burn, reduce black spot disease, black spot disease, ring disease, rot disease, pear hibiscus, yellow meal, and Kang The number of overwintering pests such as the whitefly and the red spider.

Chemical prevention and control. Spray 3~5Be stone sulphur mixture in the whole garden before germination to eliminate wintering pests and diseases. In the first ten days of April, when the flower buds sprouted, spray 4% flusilazole 2000~2500 times. In late May, the fruit was sprayed once with 50% carbendazim 800 times solution and 10% imidacloprid WP 1500 times before the bagging, to prevent pear scab and aphids. The fruit is mainly bagged after bagging, mainly for controlling pear black spot disease, powdery mildew, yellow meal, pear hibiscus and leaf roller moth. In the first ten days of July, spray 70% methyl thiophanate 1000 times solution, 10% imidacloprid WP 1500 times solution, and in mid-August, spray 80% ginseng 1000 times solution and 50% bromine hydrogen polyester 3000 times solution. During the growth period, on the basis of accurate measurement and reporting, the leaf protection agent, insecticide and fungicide should be applied evenly and in strict accordance with the specified concentration, annual usage times and safety intervals.

The use of wide rows of close planting, control of the canopy is the key to achieving high quality and efficiency.

1 To make the line width greater than 200cm above the plant spacing, the overall orchard ventilation is good.

2 Secondly, by trimming the crown, the young trees are mainly sparse, not short and not retracted. After the result, the result branch group is continuously updated, and the small change is large, which not only keeps the result branch group young, but also effectively controls the result part to move outward. 3 With the fruit pressure crown, through the opening angle of the branch, the selection of easy-to-use varieties and other measures, the dense planting pear garden can achieve the goal of early fruiting and early yielding. The cylindrical tree shape forms a narrow crown-shaped fence wall for easy crown control and facilitates the use of tree work and orchard machinery.

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