"Small Problems" in Broiler Breeding (1)

**Chicken Selection** Choosing high-quality chicks is crucial for successful broiler farming. Many breeders focus only on the price, neglecting the health and quality of the chicks. Healthy, vigorous chicks are the foundation for good growth and profitability. Poor-quality chicks can lead to higher mortality rates, slower growth, and increased disease risks. Therefore, it's important to source chicks from reputable hatcheries that prioritize quality and disease-free stock. When selecting chicks, avoid those with omphalitis or white diarrhea, and remove weak or underdeveloped birds to ensure a strong, uniform flock. **Feeding Methods** Many farmers still use traditional ground-level housing, which can lead to cold stress, digestive issues, and difficulty in controlling diseases like E. coli and coccidiosis. An alternative approach is "online raising," where chickens are raised on elevated structures such as wire mesh or plastic floors. This method reduces litter usage, minimizes disease transmission, and makes environmental control easier. It also promotes even distribution among the flock, leading to better growth performance. For optimal results, it’s recommended to use scaffolding or online systems for broiler rearing. **Heating Methods** Coal-fired heating is common in rural poultry farms, but it comes with several drawbacks. Burning coal consumes oxygen and produces harmful gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide, which can severely impact air quality inside the house. Issues include poor coal quality, excessive CO2 buildup, incomplete combustion, and oxygen depletion. To avoid these problems, it's better to use safer alternatives like fire pits, heaters, or hot stoves that provide consistent warmth without compromising air quality. **Ventilation** Proper ventilation is essential at all stages of brooding. In the early days, while maintaining warmth is important, neglecting airflow can lead to poor air quality, dryness, and respiratory issues. Dust and harmful gases like ammonia can accumulate, increasing the risk of bronchitis, pneumonia, and other respiratory diseases. A well-designed ventilation system should include skylights and vents positioned about 60 cm above the roof to allow proper gas exchange. This setup helps remove stale air and prevents outside contaminants from entering. As the chickens grow, it's important to maintain a balance between heat retention and adequate airflow, especially during cold or variable weather conditions. **Humidity Control** Maintaining proper humidity levels is critical during the brooding phase. High temperatures often lead to low humidity, causing dry air, dust, and irritation to the respiratory tract. This weakens the chicks' immune system and increases their susceptibility to diseases like E. coli. Low humidity can also cause dehydration, reduced feed intake, and poor growth. The ideal relative humidity should be between 60% and 70%. If humidity drops below 40%, methods like misting, watering the floor, or using water basins near heat sources can help increase moisture levels. **Selection and Breeding** Proper selection and group management play a key role in ensuring healthy and efficient broiler growth. After arrival, the first round of selection should separate weak or small chicks for individual feeding, while the rest are culled to maintain a strong flock. A second selection should occur around day 6-8 or during vaccination, isolating slow-growing birds for special care. **Group Rearing** Male and female broilers have different growth patterns and nutritional needs. Roosters typically grow faster than hens, with a weight difference of about 27% by day 56. After certain ages, both sexes experience a decline in growth rate, so it's economically beneficial to separate them for slaughter. Raising males and females together allows for tailored feeding strategies, improving feed efficiency and overall productivity.

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