Causes of rot fruit in late grape growth and its control methods
Abstract : This paper introduces the characteristics of white rot and anthracnose that caused two kinds of rot fruits in the later period of grape growth and the comprehensive prevention and control methods. Through the cultivation and management and other measures to prevent the occurrence of diseases and reduce the degree of the occurrence of diseases, so as to avoid the use of pesticides in large quantities The resulting pollution of the fruit and the environment.
CLC number: S663.1 Document code: A Article ID: 1006-6500 (2008) 01-0056-02
Pests and diseases are an important factor directly affecting the yield and quality of grapes, and the most important cause of grape damage is the rot in the late growth period of grapes. In recent years, due to the rapid development of grape production in our region, the number of pests and diseases has also increased and the law of occurrence has been more complicated. Therefore, pest control work is particularly important. In order to avoid the phenomenon of fruit rot in the late growth period of grapes, people often use chemical pesticides in large quantities, which not only cause excessive pesticide residues in grapes, but also cause environmental pollution. Therefore, in the actual production process, the plant protection policy of “prevention-oriented, comprehensive management†should be implemented. The author discusses the causes, characteristics, and prevention and control of rot fruit in the late growth period of grapes.
1 The main reasons for grape rot in the late growth period
(1) Germ infections generally cause white rot, anthrax, and black rot in specific years.
(2) Malnutrition, debilitating tree vigor, partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, lack of potassium, calcium, trace elements, or excessive fruiting, heavy load, resulting in weak plant growth and reduced disease resistance.
(3) The climate is humid, the summer shear is not timely, the orchard is closed, the ventilation is poor, the rain is excessive, the relative humidity of the soil and the air is too large, and the infection and spread of the disease are accelerated.
2 common diseases occurring late in grape growth
2.1 White rot of grapes
2.1.1 Diseases The disease mainly affects the ear, and shoots and leaves are sometimes invaded. The ears that are generally close to the ground have the earliest incidence of cobs and fruit stalks, and the water-stained lesions appear at the initial stage of the affected area. Afterwards, they gradually expand and wrap around the cobs to make the fruit soft and rot. On the surface of rotten fruit, gray and white spots are produced, ie conidia. During the wet season, the surface of the damaged fruit pieces burst and overflowed with pale yellow mucus.
2.1.2 Common asexual generations of pathogens belong to the subdivisions of the genus Subgenia and Coniothyrium diplodiella (Speg.) Sacc. The conidia are spherical or oblate spheroidal, gray to grayish brown, and have openings. Conidiophore stems unit cells, colorless, on the bottom of the spores on the mound-like organization; conidia unit cells, oval or melon-shaped, initially colorless, mature brown, size 8.9 ~ 13.2μm6 ~ 8μm.
2.1.3 Occurrence of characteristic pathogens The wintering of conidiospore and mycelia in diseased tissues is the main source of infestation at the beginning of the year. Wind and rain, insects are the main medium for the spread of the disease. Rainwater not only splashes soil particles with conidial spores on the spikes and shoots near the ground, but also is the main condition for spore germination. Therefore, the number of rains in the upper and middle months of June and the amount of rainfall determine the occurrence and severity of white rot in the year. It usually begins in mid-late and late June, and it is prosperous from late July to early August. The high temperature and rainy weather in summer, especially the continuous rainy weather, can cause disease epidemics. Orchards have low incidence, poor drainage, extensive management, and overgrown weeds. White rot pathogens are weak parasites, and are mainly invaded by wounds, such as mechanical injury in field operations, insect bites, and wounds caused by wind damage and scorpion damage. The secretory glands of small fruit stems, water holes and stomata in leaves are also Germ invasion portal.
2.2 Grape anthracnose
2.2.1 Disease The disease mainly affects the fruit, and the cob and fruit stem can also be affected. Grapes are most severely infected at the late stage of berry coloring and are known as late rot. It usually begins at the tip of the ear near the ground, and water-stained brown spots appear on the fruit surface in the initial stage. It gradually enlarges, appears as a round dark brown spot, and is slightly sunken. After 2 to 3 days, black spots are generated. Into a concentric ring, it is the spore plate of the germ. In wet and rainy weather, pink or orange-colored conidia and conidia emerge from the dish. In severe cases, the lesion spreads to the entire fruit surface, the fruit particles become soft and rot, gradually lose water, shrink and shrink, and become dead fruit. When fruit stems and cobs are injured, elliptic bookworm lesions occur, affecting fruit ripening.
2.2.2 Common asexual generations of pathogens belong to the semi-known phylum Subgenus amygdalus. The small black spots on the diseased fruit are conidial discs with polyconidial stems and apical conidiogens on the top. Conidia are colorless, unit cell, cylindrical or elliptical and have a size of 10.3-15 μm, 3.3-4.7 μm.
2.2.3 Occurrence characteristics The pathogenic bacteria mainly used hyphae to overwinter on the surface tissue of one-year-old dendrite and epimedium. The rate of secondary shoots was the highest, followed by the resulting mother shoot, ear, petiole, tendril, cob, and fruit stem. When spring conditions in the following year are appropriate, conidia are produced in large amounts. With rain and rain, insects spread, raindrops with conidia fall on the fruit and begin to infect initially. If they spread to the leaves and shoots, they invade into the interior of the tissue, but the surface Do not see abnormalities, for latent infection. This colonized shoot is the next year's pathogen. The spores on the young fruit germinate on the fruit surface first, and 10 days later penetrate into the parasite. The hyphae enter the epidermal cells through the cortex and the germs stop growing until the ripening of the fruit begins. The fruit generally begins to develop in early July. The epidemic period lasts from late July to August. As long as the rain falls in September, the bacteria can infect, but it is lighter than before.
3 The main control methods of late rot fruit in grapes
3.1 Strengthening cultivation management
(1) Rational fertilization. Application of pure nitrogen is controlled at about 750kg/hm2. Fertilizer should be applied in a timely manner to prevent leggy growth. Deep-seated planting must be applied to combine organic and inorganic fertilizers. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers should be used properly. Potassium fertilizer should be increased to increase plant growth. The resistance to disease. It is best to use facility cultivation or bagging.
(2) During the growth period, it is necessary to pick up the heart in time and bind the vines in time so that the orchard has good ventilation and light transmission to reduce the incidence. At the same time, it is necessary to remove the auxiliary tip in time to prevent overcrowding of the crown and reduce the occurrence and spread of disease. At the same time, after the rain, we must do a good job of drainage in the orchards to prevent water accumulation in the park.
3.2 Overwintering Pathogenic Bacteria
(1) Remove damaged twigs and old vines after harvest to enhance the permeability of the garden.
(2) In combination with winter pruning, remove the sub tips, cobs, tendrils, and stamens left on the plants and racks, and thoroughly remove the dead branches and leaves that have fallen on the ground, and then burn them out.
3.3 Pharmaceutical Control
(1) The ground sprinkler eliminates the bacteria source. For the orchard with severe disease incidence in the previous year, the ground is limed (application amount is about 75kg/hm2) before the occurrence of the disease; soil with higher pH (above 7) can be spread on the ground: 1 for each of the Fumei and sulfur powders. Lime 2 parts, the three are mixed evenly, sprinkled on the ground, the dosage is 15 ~ 30kg/hm2.
(2) Spray protection. During the growing season, Bordeaux fluid is sprayed and sprayed once every 10 to 15 days to protect the leaves, branches and ears to reduce the chance of infection.
(3) For the disease, the right medicine. In the event of diseases such as white rot and anthrax, they must be prescribed, but care should be taken to alternate the use of the agents. They should not be used as a single agent. Can be used 80% mancozeb WP, 50% thiram WP, 40% myclobutanil wettable powder, 50% carbendazim wettable powder and other agents alternately used for prevention and treatment. In addition, in order to prevent pesticides from contaminating the ear after the fruit is colored, the concentration of the drug should not be exceeded.
In the comprehensive prevention and control, we must take agricultural control as the basis, take measures according to local conditions, make reasonable use of chemical pesticides, biological control, physical control and other measures, economically, safely, and effectively control pests and diseases, and implement plant protection based on "prevention-oriented, comprehensive management." Work guidelines to achieve the purpose of improving production, quality, protecting the environment and people's health.
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