Nutritional requirements of squid and larval feeding technology
2019-08-21 15:05:59
China's artificially cultivated salmon are mainly from Heilongjiang's Astragalus japonicus, hybrid quail, and Russia's fine varieties - Russian oysters, Glover and small pods.
First, the nutritional requirements of carp
1. The results of many scholars' studies show that the demand for protein in feeds is relatively close among different types of carp. The suitable range of dietary protein content of Gaoshouyu (weight: 145-300g) is 36.5%-40.5%, and the highest weight increase rate requirement is 49.6%. It is determined by the Bro-ken line model. The optimum content is 40.5% 1.6%. The optimum dietary protein content of Siberian coriander (weight 22-47 g) is 40% 2%, and the highest weight gain requirement is 49%. The crude protein content of the bark of Acer palmatum is preferably 47%; the protein content of a bait (3-12 g) bait is most suitable for its growth at 39%; and the protein content of dietary protein is
39.76% of the bait had the best growth effect. The suitable range of feed protein for Chinese sturgeon was 35.4%-49.09%, and the optimum feed protein content was 39.68%-44.64%.
Studies on the essential amino acid requirements of carp have not been reported. In general, the essential amino acid composition of the fish is very similar to the essential amino acid requirement of the fish. Based on this, the necessary amino acid requirement of the fish can be estimated. According to Wing K. N. And Hung S. S. O. (1994) Determination, four sizes [(19.50.4) g,
(57.80.9) grams, (179.50.3) grams and (535.419.7) grams] of the overall amino acid composition of Angelica are basically the same, but the essential amino acid content in each tissue and deuterium is significantly different. The content of histidine and lysine in muscle is high, the content of cystine and branched-chain amino acid in the liver is high, the content of isoleucine, leucine and proline in loquat is low, and the content of glycine and proline is high.
2. Fat and fat are mainly used as energy sources for the feed of aquatic animals, and the suitable protein/energy ratio has an important impact on the growth and development of aquatic animals. Xu R. Et al. (1993) used eight different corn oil, peony, linseed oil, soybean oil, safflower, lard, and blended oils (corn oil: cod liver oil: porcine song mixed in a ratio of 1:1:1). The equal energy and other nitrogen-refined bait was fed for 9 weeks. The results showed that there was no significant difference in weight gain, indicating that the carp had no special requirements on the source of fat. Studies have shown that the optimum fat content of the high salamander bait is 9%; the best fat content of the Chinese bachinian bait bait is 9.06%; the fat content of the bait's bait (12.9-17.2 g) is suitable The content is 5.6%-11.4% and the optimum content is 7.5%. However, Chen Haitao et al. (1998) showed that in diets fed with compound feeds for Amur sturgeon, the diets with a protein content of 39.78% and a fat content of 9.5% had the highest growth rates; Juveniles (average 2.79g) had the best growth effect when they fed diets with fat and protein content of 9.21% and 39.46%, respectively.
3. Carbohydrates Compared to livestock, aquatic animals have a lower capacity to use carbohydrates, and the availability of carbohydrates varies with their availability. The best dextrin content in juvenile Chinese juvenile larvae was 25.5%. The diet of white peckers with D-glucose content of 7% or more was significantly higher than that of diets without D-glucose, but had little effect on protein and protein accumulation. Moreover, after its diet of 28% and 35% D-glucose, their fat synthase activity was 2-3 times higher than the intake of 7% D-glucose bait. The specific utilization of different carbohydrates for carp was as follows: 1 Glucose and maltose were fed under the same conditions. The concentration of glucose in carp blood was higher than other animals. 2 After feeding glucose and galactose respectively, the highest concentration of galactose in the blood of carp was close to the highest concentration of glucose, but the highest concentration of galactose appeared 8 hours later than glucose. 3 After the disaccharide was fed for 4 or 20 hours, a small amount of disaccharide could be detected in the blood of the carp. At the same time, the utilization of carbohydrates by catfish is largely influenced by feeding methods (twice a day or continuously throughout the day), while tilapia is more affected by sugar sources, and regardless of how For feeding, salmon can use carbohydrates better than tilapia.
Most of the fish can not use cellulose or the utilization rate is very low, and a small amount of cellulose (2%-4%) in the carp feed has a certain effect on promoting growth and improving feed utilization. Hung S. S. O. (1989) suggested a 3% cellulose content in the Gaoshaoyu feed formulation.
4. The vitamin-related studies on the vitamin requirements of salmon are very limited. Moreau R. Et al. (1999) fed a second-instar cockroach [body weight (25,389 g)] for 38 days at a feed containing 0, 50, 250, and 1250 mg/kg of vitamin C at 19.8°C, and determined the amount of gulo sugar in the tissue. Differences in acid fat content and differences in growth, the results show that the addition of vitamin c in feed has no significant effect on growth rate and survival rate, that is, the growth and maintenance of tissue levels in American quail do not need to add exogenous vitamin C. Papp. Z. C. Et al. (1999) studied the effects of vitamin C on the growth, ascorbic acid, and some blood parameters in the juveniles of the hybrids of the small-bodied and Siberian tadpoles. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the effects of feed supplemented with different levels of vitamin C on the growth and body weight gain of each group of carp.
Second, juvenile fish feeding technology
1. After larvae are hatched, they rely on absorbing endogenous nutrients to survive; 7-13 days, the yolk sac disappears, and it begins to transition to a mixed vegetative period with a small intake of plankton; the mixed vegetative period is very short, and then the larvae enter the period of exogenous nutrition. It mainly depends on feeding on plankton. Do not feed before entering the mixed nutrition, mainly to ensure adequate dissolved oxygen and water exchange in order to prevent hypoxia.
2. Mixed vegetative stage is one of the keys to the whole cultivation. At this time, the larvae have begun to feed and have to feed. The squid can be fed with artificial diets after eating. However, in actual production, artificial diets are fed from the very beginning, and the survival rate of the cubs is very low. Therefore, the larvae that have just opened their mouths should be fed first. Broken leeches, zooplankton, etc., are fed 4-6 times a day, and the daily feeding amount is about 25% of the fish's weight. The amount of feed at this stage should not be too little nor too much. Too few feedings will cause the mutual disability of fish fry. Too much will cause waste and pollute the water body.
3. After live bait culture for about 30 days, the eel fry can grow to a size of 3.8-9.4 cm in length and 0.5-3.9 g in weight, and the survival rate can reach 60% or more. At this time, you can Domestication transfer artificial diet, domestication methods are the following: 1 directly feed pellets, this method domestication time is short, only 1-2 weeks, the survival rate of 35% -40%. 2 Live baits and pellet feeds are alternately fed, that is, artificial feed is fed first and then live bait is fed for each feeding. The domestication survival rate of this method can reach 40%-50%, but it takes too long. It takes more than 8 weeks. 3 Add a certain proportion of live baits to feed to make soft pellets for domestication. This method can be domesticated in three weeks and the survival rate is above 50%. 4 Soak dry pellet feed with live bait and let it dry until it is half-dried. The domestication takes about 2 weeks and the survival rate can exceed 75%.
It can be seen that the latter two methods are better for domestication, the domestication time is short, and the survival rate is high. During the domestication process, attention should be paid to the selection of fish that do not eat artificial bait and concentrated in a pool, fed with live bait for a period of time, and then tamed for 17 food transfers.
First, the nutritional requirements of carp
1. The results of many scholars' studies show that the demand for protein in feeds is relatively close among different types of carp. The suitable range of dietary protein content of Gaoshouyu (weight: 145-300g) is 36.5%-40.5%, and the highest weight increase rate requirement is 49.6%. It is determined by the Bro-ken line model. The optimum content is 40.5% 1.6%. The optimum dietary protein content of Siberian coriander (weight 22-47 g) is 40% 2%, and the highest weight gain requirement is 49%. The crude protein content of the bark of Acer palmatum is preferably 47%; the protein content of a bait (3-12 g) bait is most suitable for its growth at 39%; and the protein content of dietary protein is
39.76% of the bait had the best growth effect. The suitable range of feed protein for Chinese sturgeon was 35.4%-49.09%, and the optimum feed protein content was 39.68%-44.64%.
Studies on the essential amino acid requirements of carp have not been reported. In general, the essential amino acid composition of the fish is very similar to the essential amino acid requirement of the fish. Based on this, the necessary amino acid requirement of the fish can be estimated. According to Wing K. N. And Hung S. S. O. (1994) Determination, four sizes [(19.50.4) g,
(57.80.9) grams, (179.50.3) grams and (535.419.7) grams] of the overall amino acid composition of Angelica are basically the same, but the essential amino acid content in each tissue and deuterium is significantly different. The content of histidine and lysine in muscle is high, the content of cystine and branched-chain amino acid in the liver is high, the content of isoleucine, leucine and proline in loquat is low, and the content of glycine and proline is high.
2. Fat and fat are mainly used as energy sources for the feed of aquatic animals, and the suitable protein/energy ratio has an important impact on the growth and development of aquatic animals. Xu R. Et al. (1993) used eight different corn oil, peony, linseed oil, soybean oil, safflower, lard, and blended oils (corn oil: cod liver oil: porcine song mixed in a ratio of 1:1:1). The equal energy and other nitrogen-refined bait was fed for 9 weeks. The results showed that there was no significant difference in weight gain, indicating that the carp had no special requirements on the source of fat. Studies have shown that the optimum fat content of the high salamander bait is 9%; the best fat content of the Chinese bachinian bait bait is 9.06%; the fat content of the bait's bait (12.9-17.2 g) is suitable The content is 5.6%-11.4% and the optimum content is 7.5%. However, Chen Haitao et al. (1998) showed that in diets fed with compound feeds for Amur sturgeon, the diets with a protein content of 39.78% and a fat content of 9.5% had the highest growth rates; Juveniles (average 2.79g) had the best growth effect when they fed diets with fat and protein content of 9.21% and 39.46%, respectively.
3. Carbohydrates Compared to livestock, aquatic animals have a lower capacity to use carbohydrates, and the availability of carbohydrates varies with their availability. The best dextrin content in juvenile Chinese juvenile larvae was 25.5%. The diet of white peckers with D-glucose content of 7% or more was significantly higher than that of diets without D-glucose, but had little effect on protein and protein accumulation. Moreover, after its diet of 28% and 35% D-glucose, their fat synthase activity was 2-3 times higher than the intake of 7% D-glucose bait. The specific utilization of different carbohydrates for carp was as follows: 1 Glucose and maltose were fed under the same conditions. The concentration of glucose in carp blood was higher than other animals. 2 After feeding glucose and galactose respectively, the highest concentration of galactose in the blood of carp was close to the highest concentration of glucose, but the highest concentration of galactose appeared 8 hours later than glucose. 3 After the disaccharide was fed for 4 or 20 hours, a small amount of disaccharide could be detected in the blood of the carp. At the same time, the utilization of carbohydrates by catfish is largely influenced by feeding methods (twice a day or continuously throughout the day), while tilapia is more affected by sugar sources, and regardless of how For feeding, salmon can use carbohydrates better than tilapia.
Most of the fish can not use cellulose or the utilization rate is very low, and a small amount of cellulose (2%-4%) in the carp feed has a certain effect on promoting growth and improving feed utilization. Hung S. S. O. (1989) suggested a 3% cellulose content in the Gaoshaoyu feed formulation.
4. The vitamin-related studies on the vitamin requirements of salmon are very limited. Moreau R. Et al. (1999) fed a second-instar cockroach [body weight (25,389 g)] for 38 days at a feed containing 0, 50, 250, and 1250 mg/kg of vitamin C at 19.8°C, and determined the amount of gulo sugar in the tissue. Differences in acid fat content and differences in growth, the results show that the addition of vitamin c in feed has no significant effect on growth rate and survival rate, that is, the growth and maintenance of tissue levels in American quail do not need to add exogenous vitamin C. Papp. Z. C. Et al. (1999) studied the effects of vitamin C on the growth, ascorbic acid, and some blood parameters in the juveniles of the hybrids of the small-bodied and Siberian tadpoles. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the effects of feed supplemented with different levels of vitamin C on the growth and body weight gain of each group of carp.
Second, juvenile fish feeding technology
1. After larvae are hatched, they rely on absorbing endogenous nutrients to survive; 7-13 days, the yolk sac disappears, and it begins to transition to a mixed vegetative period with a small intake of plankton; the mixed vegetative period is very short, and then the larvae enter the period of exogenous nutrition. It mainly depends on feeding on plankton. Do not feed before entering the mixed nutrition, mainly to ensure adequate dissolved oxygen and water exchange in order to prevent hypoxia.
2. Mixed vegetative stage is one of the keys to the whole cultivation. At this time, the larvae have begun to feed and have to feed. The squid can be fed with artificial diets after eating. However, in actual production, artificial diets are fed from the very beginning, and the survival rate of the cubs is very low. Therefore, the larvae that have just opened their mouths should be fed first. Broken leeches, zooplankton, etc., are fed 4-6 times a day, and the daily feeding amount is about 25% of the fish's weight. The amount of feed at this stage should not be too little nor too much. Too few feedings will cause the mutual disability of fish fry. Too much will cause waste and pollute the water body.
3. After live bait culture for about 30 days, the eel fry can grow to a size of 3.8-9.4 cm in length and 0.5-3.9 g in weight, and the survival rate can reach 60% or more. At this time, you can Domestication transfer artificial diet, domestication methods are the following: 1 directly feed pellets, this method domestication time is short, only 1-2 weeks, the survival rate of 35% -40%. 2 Live baits and pellet feeds are alternately fed, that is, artificial feed is fed first and then live bait is fed for each feeding. The domestication survival rate of this method can reach 40%-50%, but it takes too long. It takes more than 8 weeks. 3 Add a certain proportion of live baits to feed to make soft pellets for domestication. This method can be domesticated in three weeks and the survival rate is above 50%. 4 Soak dry pellet feed with live bait and let it dry until it is half-dried. The domestication takes about 2 weeks and the survival rate can exceed 75%.
It can be seen that the latter two methods are better for domestication, the domestication time is short, and the survival rate is high. During the domestication process, attention should be paid to the selection of fish that do not eat artificial bait and concentrated in a pool, fed with live bait for a period of time, and then tamed for 17 food transfers.
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