Common drug poisoning in chickens and its control measures

**Common Drug Poisoning in Chickens and Its Control Measures** With the rapid development of the aquaculture industry, the occurrence and evolution of diseases have also changed significantly. To prevent disease outbreaks, the use of medications has become a common practice. However, improper administration—such as overdosing or prolonged use—can lead to drug poisoning in chickens. This not only affects their health and productivity but can also result in high mortality rates. Below are some common types of drug poisoning in poultry and the preventive and control measures that should be taken. **1. Sulfonamide Poisoning** **Clinical Signs:** Sulfonamide poisoning commonly occurs when the drug is administered in excessive amounts or for too long, especially in young chicks. Symptoms include lethargy, weakness, loss of appetite, rapid breathing, purple combs, jaundiced mucous membranes, anemia, rashes under the wings, dark-colored feces, and a sharp decline in egg production. In severe cases, sudden death may occur. **Necropsy Findings:** Lesions typically include internal bleeding in the skin, muscles, and organs. The liver becomes enlarged and discolored with hemorrhagic spots and necrotic areas. Kidneys swell, turn yellowish, and show bleeding. The spleen and intestines also exhibit signs of bleeding and necrosis. **Prevention:** - Avoid using sulfonamides in chicks under one month old. - Strictly control dosages and limit treatment duration to no more than five days. - Use combinations like compound sulfamethoxazole, which have lower toxicity. - Select sulfa drugs with low intestinal absorption for treating intestinal diseases like coccidiosis. - Ensure sufficient water supply during medication. **Treatment:** Stop the drug immediately, provide plenty of water, and add baking soda (1–2%) and vitamin C (0.2g/kg feed). Administer vitamin K3 at 5mg per kg of feed for several days until symptoms subside. **2. Olaquindox Poisoning** **Clinical Signs:** This type of poisoning often leads to sudden death in healthy chickens, with symptoms such as neck twisting, convulsions, and paralysis. Affected birds may show unsteady gait, diarrhea, and dazed behavior. Mortality varies from 3% to 60%, depending on dosage and exposure time. **Necropsy Findings:** Severe systemic hemorrhaging is common, including lung congestion, heart bleeding points, swollen livers and kidneys, and intestinal bleeding. Some chickens may show ulcers in the stomach and inflammation in the cloaca. **Prevention:** Follow manufacturer instructions carefully. Avoid using olaquindox in drinking water and do not combine it with other antibiotics. **Treatment:** Immediately stop the drug and administer vitamins C and E. Provide green bean water mixed with 5% glucose to help detoxify. Severe cases may require oral rehydration salts to aid excretion. **3. Furazolidone Poisoning** **Clinical Signs:** Chickens may exhibit diarrhea, reduced feed intake, increased thirst, and neurological symptoms like head shaking, tremors, and falling over. Severe cases may result in paralysis and death. **Necropsy Findings:** The liver appears yellow and shrunken with white necrotic foci. Kidneys are swollen and yellow. Intestinal mucus is thick, and there may be bleeding in the small intestine and stomach lining. **Prevention:** Use 25–35 mg per kg of feed for general use and 10 mg per kg body weight twice daily for treatment. Do not exceed recommended dosages. **Treatment:** Discontinue furazolidone immediately and provide 5% glucose water with vitamin C and B1. Inject vitamin B12 if necessary. Continue treatment for three days. **4. Tetracycline Poisoning** **Clinical Signs:** Chickens may show reduced feed intake, decreased egg production, diarrhea, soft legs, pale combs, and dull feathers. Young chicks may appear weak and depressed. **Necropsy Findings:** The stomach and duodenum may show edema and bleeding. Livers and kidneys are swollen and congested, with possible calcification in some organs. **Prevention:** Administer 25–50 mg per kg of body weight twice daily, and avoid continuous use for more than seven days. Allow a 2–3 day break between treatments. **Treatment:** Stop tetracycline immediately and provide mung bean soup, licorice water, or 5% glucose solution to help reduce toxicity. **5. Maduramycin Poisoning** **Clinical Signs:** Affected chickens may drink less water, eat less feed, and pass green, thin feces. They may lose weight, develop dry, dark red feet, and show weakness or lameness. Death is rare unless the poisoning is severe. **Necropsy Findings:** Chronic cases show muscle degeneration, swollen liver and kidneys, and intestinal congestion. Acute cases may involve liver and kidney enlargement with brown discoloration and diffuse bleeding. **Prevention:** Use 5g of pure maduramycin per ton of feed. Do not exceed this dose, and ensure proper mixing. Limit continuous use to seven days, followed by a 3–5 day break. **Treatment:** Remove maduramycin from the feed and provide 3% glucose and 0.02% vitamin C in the water. Severely affected birds may need tube feeding and usually recover within five days. By understanding these common poisons and implementing proper management practices, poultry farmers can effectively prevent and manage drug poisoning, ensuring healthier and more productive flocks.

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