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1. Recommended fine varieties (types): Eucommia ulmoides is the preferred species for medicinal use and gum extraction, especially when considering the weight and thickness of the inner bark. It is ideal for both pharmaceutical applications and natural rubber production due to its high-quality properties.
2. Seedling propagation techniques: Sowing can be done in winter or early spring. Select mother trees that are strong, well-developed, with smooth bark, preferably around 20 years old. Harvest fruits when most leaves have fallen, just before or after the frost, when the fruits are fully mature. The fruits should be chestnut brown, shiny, full, with white endosperm and flat, beige cotyledons. Dry them in a well-ventilated area and store in wet sand indoors or outdoors. For sowing, drill seeds in rows spaced 25–30 cm apart, placing 40–50 seeds per meter. Use fine manure or coke soil at a depth of 1.5–2 cm, applying about 5–10 kg per mu. Additionally, cuttings can be used during spring. Cut young branches into 7–10 cm sections, leaving three axillary buds on each cutting. Half-cutting and root cutting methods are also effective for propagation.
3. Garden management techniques: Eucommia ulmoides thrives in sunny conditions, so it is best planted on the south or southeast slopes, or in the lower to mid-mountain areas with good soil. Planting can be done in winter or spring. The planting density depends on the purpose: for bark and seed collection, space trees 2–3 meters apart; for headwood forests (for medicinal bark), use 3–4 meters. For dwarf forest operations aimed at maximizing leaf and branch yield, plant at 2 meters by 2 meters spacing.
4. Cultivation techniques: After 2–3 years of afforestation, young forests require careful maintenance. Before weeds take over, perform one or two weeding and cultivation sessions, and apply cake fertilizer or urea (15–20 kg per mu). Once the forest has closed (after 10 years), thinning is necessary. Remove male trees and ensure 85% of the trees are female. A second thinning occurs after 15–20 years, focusing on removing weak or poorly developed female trees. First-wood operations involve thinning every 8 years to improve light conditions and maintain tree density (around 45–60 trees per mu). In spring and summer, avoid excessive cutting. TECO operations encourage shrub-like growth by pruning the main stem to 30–50 cm after the third winter. Fertilize and cut back the soil, optionally 5 cm above the ground before sprouting. Prune branches every three years. When regenerative capacity declines, dig up the trees. Girdling regeneration technology is also used—select healthy trees with a breast height diameter over 12 cm, from May to July under favorable weather conditions. Perform a "gong" shaped girdle on the trunk, avoiding damage to the xylem. Wrap the area with kraft paper and remove it after one week. For leaf harvesting, collect leaves before and after frost for medicinal use, ensuring moisture content stays below 10%. For tea, harvest fresh leaves, quickly heat and dry them to reduce weight by about 30%. For plastic use, harvest in late November when leaves turn yellow.
5. Pest control: Blight can be prevented by selecting well-drained, non-crop land for nurseries. Disinfect the site using 3–4 kg of 40% formaldehyde per acre. Treat infected areas with 50% bacterial solution diluted 1000 times. Root rot is managed by watering with 50% thiophanate at 1000 times concentration and practicing crop rotation. Leopard wood cocoon moth infestations can be controlled by clearing gardens in winter, removing overwintering pests, and painting trunks with whitening agents before adult egg-laying. Spray 40% dimethoate emulsion (400–600 times dilution) on trunks to target larvae.
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