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1. Recommended fine varieties: Eucommia ulmoides is the preferred choice for medicinal use and gum extraction, especially when considering the weight and thickness of the inner bark. This species is ideal for both traditional medicine and industrial applications due to its high-quality properties.
2. Seedling cultivation techniques: Sowing can be done in winter or early spring. The mother trees should be healthy, with smooth bark, and preferably around 20 years old. Harvesting should occur just before or after the first frost, when fruits are fully mature—characterized by a chestnut-brown, shiny surface, full shape, and white endosperm. After collection, dry the fruits in a well-ventilated area and store them in moist sand. For sowing, plant seeds in rows spaced 25–30 cm apart, placing 40–50 seeds per meter. Use fine manure or coke soil at a depth of 1.5–2 cm, with about 5–10 kg per acre. Alternatively, propagation through cuttings is also effective. In spring, take 7–10 cm long cuttings from young branches, leaving three axillary buds on each cutting. Half-cutting and root cutting methods can be applied to enhance rooting success.
3. Orchard management: Eucommia ulmoides thrives in sunny locations, so it’s best planted on south-facing or southeast-facing slopes, or in the middle and lower parts of mountainous areas. Planting can be done in winter or spring, with spacing depending on the purpose. For bark and seed production, use 2–3 m or 3–4 m spacing. For leaf and branch harvesting, a denser layout of 2 m x 2 m is suitable. Proper planting density ensures optimal growth and resource utilization.
4. Cultivation techniques: After 2–3 years of planting, young forests require regular maintenance. Before weeds take over, cultivate and weed once or twice, and apply fertilizer (such as 15–20 kg of urea per mu). When the forest reaches 10 years or becomes dense, thinning should begin. Remove male trees to ensure a female-to-male ratio of 85% for better yield. A second thinning is performed at 15–20 years, focusing on removing weak or poorly developed female trees. For first-wood operations, thin every 8 years to improve light exposure and maintain tree density at 45–60 trees per mu. In spring and summer, reduce cutting intensity. Another technique involves girdling regeneration, where trees with a breast height diameter over 12 cm are girdled using a “gong†method between May and July. This encourages new growth and improves bark quality. For leaf harvesting, collect leaves before or after frost for medicinal use, ensuring water content remains below 10%. For tea, harvest fresh leaves, wilt them, and dry. For plastic use, pick leaves in late November when they turn yellow for best results.
5. Pest control: Blight can be prevented by selecting well-drained, non-vegetable land and disinfecting with 40% formaldehyde solution at 3–4 kg per acre. Treat infected areas with 50% bacteria solution diluted 1000 times. Root rot can be managed with 50% thiophanate at 1000 times dilution and crop rotation. Leopard wood cocoon moth can be controlled by clearing gardens in winter, painting trunks with whitening agents, and spraying 40% dimethoate emulsion 400–600 times on the trunk during larval stages. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are essential for maintaining healthy plantations.
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