Fungus ear disease is a common and serious pest that can easily occur during the cultivation of mushrooms. Once infected, it can significantly reduce yield and damage the harvest, which has a major impact on the economic returns for mushroom farmers. Therefore, it is crucial for growers to pay close attention to the prevention and treatment of this disease.
In the early stages of infection, the affected ears turn yellow to brown in color, become sticky, and emit a foul odor. As the disease progresses, the entire ear may rot. The cause of the disease is typically a combination of nematodes, bacteria, and protozoa, with nematodes being the primary culprit. To effectively manage and prevent the disease, the following measures are recommended:
1. When temperatures rise, it's important to cool down promptly. Hanging wet curtains, spraying water, and opening windows and doors at night for ventilation can help keep the temperature under control, ideally below 30°C. Maintaining such conditions not only helps the mushrooms develop properly—ensuring good ear formation, bright coloration, and healthy growth—but also limits the reproduction of nematodes. If the temperature exceeds 30°C, nematodes multiply more rapidly, increasing the risk of "flowing ears."
2. The site where the ears are placed should have a slight slope, and the topsoil should be sandy to allow for proper drainage and prevent waterlogging.
3. Water used for irrigation must be clean and hygienic. Deep well water is the best option, as it reduces the risk of contamination.
4. Proper management throughout the different growth stages is essential. During the primordium formation stage, the relative humidity should be kept around 80% with moderate ventilation. In the later stage of primordial differentiation, when the coral-like ear buds are still tender, the humidity should be slightly lower, around 80% to 90%. During the fruit body growth phase, increased ventilation and higher humidity (90% to 95%) are necessary to encourage rapid ear development. When the ears fully open, their edges thin out, the roots shrink, and they reach maturity, it’s time to begin harvesting.
5. If only a small number of ears are infected, remove the affected ones first. Then, spray the remaining mushrooms with a 1% to 2% salt solution, and apply a 5% lime water solution to the ground to prevent the spread of nematodes and bacteria.
By implementing these preventive and corrective measures, mushroom farmers can significantly reduce the risk of ear disease and ensure better yields and quality. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are key to maintaining a healthy crop.
Blood System
Blood System:
Blood system is also called circulatory system.
For the treatment of diseases of the circulatory system:
According to the American Heart Association, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Because of its vastness and critical nature, it is one of the systems of the body most prone to disease.
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One of the most common diseases of the circulatory system is arteriosclerosis, in which the fatty deposits in the arteries causes the walls to stiffen and thicken the walls. According to the Mayo Clinic, the causes are a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other material in the artery walls. This can restrict blood flow or in severe cases stop it all together, resulting in a heart attack or stroke.
Stroke involves blockage of the blood vessels to the brain and is another major condition of the circulatory system, according to Mitchell Weinberg of the North Shore-LIJ Health System. [Risk factors include smoking, diabetes and high cholesterol," he noted.
Another circulatory disease, hypertension - commonly called high blood pressure - causes the heart to work harder and can lead to such complications as a heart attack, a stroke, or kidney failure, the NLM noted.
An aortic aneurysm occurs when the aorta is damaged and starts to bulge or eventually tear, which can cause severe internal bleeding. This weakness can be present at birth or the result of atherosclerosis, obesity, high blood pressure or a combination of these conditions, according to Weinberg.
Peripheral arterial disease (also known as PAD) typically involves areas of narrowing or blockage within an artery, according to Jay Radhakrishnan, an interventional radiologist in Houston, Texas. In addition, chronic venous insufficiency (also known as CVI) involves areas reflux (or backward flow) within the superficial veins of the lower extremities.
PAD is diagnosed with noninvasive testing including ultrasound, CT scan, and/or MRI. Ultrasound is the least expensive of these methods, but also gives the least amount of detail, as CT and MRI show a much higher degree of anatomic detail when identifying areas of narrowing/blockage within an artery. CVI is diagnosed with ultrasound as the venous reflux can be measured accurately by ultrasound, which ultimately guides treatment.
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