Pear tree high yield cultivation techniques

The pears belong to the genus Rosaceae, deciduous trees with branches. Buds are more conical, tip apex, and bud scales are mostly imbricate. The first leaves are blossoming or the leaves are placed in the same place, the umbrella-shaped suma-like slivers, white and thin pink. Pear fruit with prominent lenticels, succulent pulp, rich stone cells, endocarp cartilaginous. Seeds black or dark brown. About 25 species of pears are distributed in Asia, Europe, and North Africa, and are native to China (14 species). Pear fruits are rich in nutrients and delicious; spring flowers are white, and autumn leaves are red and bright for ornamental purposes; wood is hard and delicate, and its material quality is excellent. One of the major fruit trees, in addition to raw food, can also be processed canned food, pear wine, dried pears, pears, etc., welcomed by the masses. The results of pear trees are early and generally start to be put into production within 2 to 3 years, and they can enter into the full fruit period in 6 to 7 years. With strong adaptability and easy cultivation, they can be planted regardless of mountains, fields and beaches, and have high yield and good quality. Phenomenon, full fruit period per acre can be stable in more than 2300kg, long life, generally up to 20 to 30 years, up to 80 to 100 years. The pear cultivation practices over the years are listed below for your reference.
1 Cultivation of pear trees

1.1 Establishment of Liyuan

Pear trees can be planted after deciduous seedlings and before germination. Planting densities are determined according to different terrains and plots. For early high-yield crops, it is advisable to adopt a plan for close planting. The current row spacing is 2m3m or 2.5m4m.

1.2 Planting Technology

1.2.1 Digging points by spacing, usually sandy soil, with a width of 80cm and a depth of 50-60cm. Put 30 to 40cm or so of straw, branches or green fertilizer sticks, rods, etc., and add the topsoil to the tread, apply organic fertilizer (pig, cow dung) 50~80kg or chicken manure 20kg, and add calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1~ 2kg (alkaline soil can be used superphosphate) mixed with soil, made of bread-shaped.

1.2.2 Pear seedlings need to be planted with 2 to 3 cm thick roots before planting to promote new roots. The grafted membranes must be removed to avoid affecting the growth of the main stem.

1.2.3 When grafting, the ground must be exposed to 5~10cm in the ground and the soil in the rhizosphere should be practical. In the outlet area, pillars need to be established to prevent lodging.

1.3 Change soil fertilization

The deep turning of the soil is the basic measure in pear tree production. In order to increase the yield, yield, and quality of fruit trees, we must begin with improving the soil. Deep-turning and improving soils are usually carried out after harvesting of autumn fruits and before the leaves fall in winter. The methods include expanding the hole, deep-turning the entire garden, intercropping or inter-plant deep turning. The depth of deep turning is generally 30~40cm, and where conditions permit, it can be turned every year. In 1, 3, and 5 years, the depth of 80cm on both sides of the original hole and the depth of about 50cm are deep, 2, 4, and 6 years. The other side of the deep groove, combined with basal fertilizer.

Applying basal standards, generally 100kg of pear fruit requires at least 100kg of organic fertilizer (pig, lamb manure), and then 2.25kg of phosphorus fertilizer is mixed, which is conducive to improvement of yield and quality.

In addition to basal fertilisers, fertilizers should also be applied in a timely manner in the growing season. Generally, 3 top dressings are required and the first post-flowering fertilizers are applied in mid-to-late April to promote the growth of branches and leaves, flower bud differentiation and fruit enlargement, and the second fruit enlargement and fertilizer. The time from mid-May to early June; the third post-harvest fertilizer, from late August to mid-September, increased leaf color, extended leaf life, and restored tree vigor. The top-dressing fertilizer can be combined with spray application of appropriate nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other fertilizers, commonly used concentrations of urea 0.3% ~ 0.5% (high temperature 0.2% ~ 0.3%), superphosphate 0.5%, potassium sulfate 0.3% ~ 1%, phosphoric acid Dihydrogen potassium 0.2% ~ 0.3%, in addition to rendition of urine 5% to 10%, ash leaching fluid 3% to 10% (can not be mixed with pesticides).

1.4 equipped with pollination tree

Pears are cross-pollinated tree species, most varieties of white flowers are not strong, so the pollen varieties that must meet in the flowering period, the ratio of the main planting and pollination varieties is preferably 2:1 or 1:1, and at least 3:1 or 4 is also required. 1:1 to achieve high yield and stable production.

1.5 Three sparse techniques

1.5.1 Sparse buds: Remove excessive flower buds when combining winter pruning. The winter flower buds should be proportioned. In principle, flower buds and leaf buds = 1:1, about half of the total tree flowers are removed. However, attention should be paid to how many flower buds of pear trees are formed in the past. In actual production, the backbone branches are every 17 to 20 cm. It is advisable to leave a flower bud at a density. Note that only flower buds are sparse and leaf buds are preserved.

1.5.2 Sparse Buds: If the sparse buds work is not carried out during winter pruning, the sparse buds can be remedied before flowering. The budding standard is generally kept at about 20 cm for one bud. The principle of sparse buds: weak sparsely stayed strong, sparsely stayed large, sparsely sparsely populated, dredged flower buds to retain buds, left sparsely, sparsely sprouted buds, sparse buds, and sparsely popped up. Need to know the weather forecast at any time.

1.5.3 Fruit thinning: It should be based on species, tree vigor, flowering period, and climate. The amount of flowers is large, the tree vigor is weak, and the fruiting rate is high and early sparse, and the sparsely flowering young trees and busy trees should be sparse or sparse. It is advisable to clear the weather in normal years, and vice versa. Principle: Each fruit should have 25 to 30 leaves. In the normal year, 1 fruit stand can leave 1 fruit. In the fruit shape, 1 fruit stand can retain 1 to 2 fruits.

1.6 Pruning

The shaping of pear trees, depending on the variety, different site conditions, mainly conducive to the results can take a variety of tree-shaped, generally evacuation layered shape, multi-main trunk happy shape, multi-branch branch head shape.

Pruning of pear saplings should be done with less sparse branches and more branches. The initial result tree should pay attention to the culturing result branches, and the length of the extension branches of the main lateral branches should be shortened year by year. After a large number of results of pear trees, the branches are easy to droop, and the angle of the extension branches should be raised. If the internal hemorrhoids are too dense, the dense auxiliary branches need to be removed or shortened. If there are too many fruits, the branches are drooping and can be used in the crown. The middle bamboo poles, hanging pendants evenly around.

2 Pest control

The one-year plan is spring. The comprehensive prevention and control of pear diseases and pests in spring can effectively reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests throughout the year, improve the quality of pear fruits, and increase the economic benefits of farmers. At present, the main diseases and pests of pear trees include: Pyrus malpighi, aphids, red spider mites, pear psyllids, stink bugs, latent leaf axils, and black spot disease. Prevention time and prevention measures are:

2.1 In early spring until before flower bud enlargement

Method: Clean orchard and scrape bark. Spread a plastic sheet under the tree, then scrape the skin and rough skin on the main trunk and large branches, but do not injure the newborn skin. The thick skin on the branches must be finely scraped. The scraped bark and larvae, eggs, etc. are buried or burned. The dead leaves and residual dried fruits on the trees are destroyed, and the litters under the trees are cleared out of the orchard for destruction. Finally, the whole tree is sprayed with 3 to 5 degrees lime sulfur for 1 time. Half an hour before flowering, irrigation once.

2.2 Inflorescence buds before flowering

The whole tree was sprayed with 800 times omethoate and 1500 times the enemy to kill the mixed liquid once. The spray should be uniform and spray to the branches as if it were light rain.

Before planting, 100 g of soil fungus should be applied to the tree tray. After application, the pesticide should be mixed with the soil.

2.3 Flowering period

During the initial flowering period, the entire tree was sprayed with 1000 times the main effect of cypermethrin once to prevent the beetle from harming the pear flower (the orchard without artificial pollination conditions cannot spray the pesticide).

During the flowering period, the whole tree sprayed 0.3% borax and 0.3% urea and 0.5% white sugar mixture, which can effectively promote the flower setting rate.

2.4 After falling

After 10 to 15 days of flowering, the whole tree was sprayed with 800 times carbendazim and 1000 times beta-cypermethrin for 2 times with an interval of 7 days. It mainly prevents meteorites, moldy hearts, scarabs, and elephants. For example, spraying 1500 times imidacloprid, can treat both leafhoppers, wood lice, and aphids. If there are caterpillars and gypsy moths due to chrysanthemum lipids, they also have preventive effects.

2.5 Do not plant trees around pears

2.5.1 Avoid planting cypress trees. Cypress trees and pear trees cannot coexist in the same place. Because pear disease, pear rust (Brassica disease), harms the shoots, leaf stalks, leaves, stalks, and young fruits of pear trees, resulting in atrophy of the fruit branches, fruit deformation, rot, and fruit drop; Cypress, especially Cypress and Cypress, is the wintering place for pear rust. In the spring season, the overwintering bacteria will return to the pear trees with the wind and continue to multiply and harm the pear trees.

2.5.2 Do not plant pine trees. Because the spores of pine trees floating in the wind orchards in spring and summer will seriously damage the fruit trees, especially the most serious damage to pear trees. Pine spores can cause macules and bristly clusters on the leaves and fruits of pears, and make the fruit deformed, severely reduce the fruit setting rate, and reduce the yield and quality. Therefore, do not plant various pine trees around the orchard where pear trees are planted.

2.5.3 bogey planted hedgehog (acacia). One is that the hedgehog is very easy to attract evil elephants (stupid bugs) to harm peaches, plums, pears, apples and other fruit trees. The stink bug absorbs the sap in the shoots, petioles, leaves, flowers and fruits of the fruit tree to maintain its life, often causing the leaves to dry off and the fruit to be deformed and being inedible; the second is that the tannins secreted by the stings have a greater effect on the growth of various fruit trees. The large inhibitory effect, especially pears and apples, is more severely inhibited, which can lead to a significant reduction of fruit trees or no results at all. Third, deciduous anthrax pathogens on acacia can also infect pears, apples and other fruit trees, resulting in a large number of fallen leaves.

2.5.4 Avoid planting Paulownia. Because many fruit trees, whether seedlings, saplings or adult fruit trees, are susceptible to purple feather disease. After the diseased fruit trees, the leaves yellow, dry, and even the whole plant died. The paulownia is the wintering ground of the purple feather pathogen.

3 Result period management

3.1 Promoting early results of pear trees

The principle of using pruning technology to promote the early results of pear trees is to promote the first and then slow down, and to promote the slowing down of the combination; first to promote the latter, that is, according to young pears of 1 or 2 years, the germination rate is generally higher, but the branching force is generally low The characteristics of the young pear tree more short cut some of the branches, first increase the total branch of the whole tree. Afterwards, depending on the circumstances, some light scissors and some slow release. The branches that are to be cultivated as the backbone branches can be lightly cut, and as far as possible, the rest of the branches should be left as much as possible. After the slow release, the middle and short branches of the branches should be promoted to increase the amount of branches and leaves of the whole tree. This is young. The material basis for early flowering of pear trees. According to the investigation of the Hebei Orchard Research Institute, the long branches of 4 years old Yali pear saplings can be put on a long branch, and the proportion of flowering in that year can reach more than 60%. After the slow release of Zhongzhi, some varieties, such as Laiyang pear and Qixia perfume Pears and Yali pears, etc., can be continued from the top bud and the middle branch with the same growth rate as the mother branch, and the lower side buds can occur with more short branches; other varieties, such as Laiyang perfume pears and some Japanese pear varieties, are topped. Buds and the lateral buds of the lower part can all become short branches. These short branches are conducive to the formation of flower buds. Therefore, the long-twisted or middle-branched trees on the trees that have slowly released the initial results and the more prosperous ones have the effect of promoting flower bud formation and early results. However, if the long and middle branches are not cut for several consecutive years, there are often unpleasant phenomena such as disordered branches, slender branches, and shifting of the resulting parts. Therefore, one or two years after the long branches are slowly released, they must be promptly taken. Short cut or shrink cut and other methods to adjust. Attention should also be paid to using supplemental shoots and controlling apical dominance. When the young pears are strong, they can use the stems as the main branch, and then use the weak branches below, as the stems in the stem extension, or in the extension stems in the stem, leaving the weak buds under the scissors, re-absorb After the weak branch, as a new stem extension branch, in adopting the above-mentioned measures to control the apical dominance, the auxiliary branch may adopt open angles and other methods to promote its flowering result. As long as there is room for growth, it is necessary to keep some auxiliary branches for long trees, flowering and results. However, for these slow-release auxiliary feeding branches, we must take measures such as lowering the angle, keeping more fruits and thinning the lateral branchlets, and control them to increase the thickness too fast so as not to affect the growth of the tree and the backbone branches.

3.2 Using Bagging Technology

According to observations, the difference between the bagging and bagging is not significant. In particular, the bagging effect of fruit rust on the green fruit surface is more significant. The color of the fruit after bagging is yellow, and the finish is good. There is no fruit rust and no obvious fruit spots. The fruit bagging not only can make the skin less rust, no rot, less stain, bright and clean, but also reduce pest damage and increase economic benefits. Bagging time should be 30 to 40 days after flowering (within 20 mm or less of fruit diameter, fruit spot has not yet occurred or occurs rarely). Before bagging, it is necessary to carefully spray pesticides once.

4 timely harvest

Timely harvesting is an important part of improving the quality of pear and fruit products. Huangpi Pear should grasp the skin from dark brown to yellow-brown. Peel of green Pea goes from dark green to light green or light yellow. The meat is thick, hard, thin and brittle. It turns from sweet to sweet. The seeds turn from white to white. It is light brown and can be used as a standard to start harvesting. Harvesting should be carried out in batches and in batches. The fruit should be harvested first. After 7-10 days, the fruit will gradually increase and be harvested again. When harvesting, it is necessary to do it lightly and gently. Do not pull hard, hard fold, and lose the commodity. At the same time, it is necessary to do a good job in protecting the leaves and keeping the branches.

In addition, the storage of fruit has a close relationship with the harvesting period. For instance, delayed harvesting of Cuiguan pear results in flesh hairiness, proneness to dermatosis, and poor storage; early maturing cultivars have poor storage, and medium maturing cultivars have better storage than Early maturing varieties.

Therefore, when pomelo is stored, it should not only pay attention to the storage method, but also should pay attention to the different varieties in different periods of harvest to facilitate storage.

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