The fish is commonly found in rivers, lakes, and various water bodies, particularly in the streams of Dongting Lake and the upper reaches of the Xiangjiang River. It has an elongated body with a large head and small tail, and its back is flat. The dorsal and anal fins are notably elongated, with some individuals having larger fin structures than others. The fish lacks spines, has a smooth, scaleless surface, and is typically gray-brown or brown-yellow, with a lighter belly. All the fins are dark gray in color.
This benthic species prefers dark areas and caves, is nocturnal, and exhibits strong environmental adaptability. It can survive in low-oxygen conditions and thrives in water temperatures ranging from 10°C to 34°C, with the optimal range being 24°C to 30°C. As an omnivore, it primarily feeds on small fish, shrimp, aquatic insects, and dead animal matter in natural waters. Under artificial breeding conditions, it can also be fed compound feed.
The fish has relatively less fleshy whiskers and spines, but its meat is tender and rich in nutritional value. It is believed to have health benefits such as strengthening the body, improving blood circulation, and aiding in children's growth, women's health, and asthma relief.
For pond cultivation, small water bodies are ideal for garden-style farming or single ponds. The water source must be clean, abundant, and easily accessible for inlet and drainage. The pond bottom should be flat with minimal sludge, and the water retention should be good. The typical area ranges from 67 m² to 1,334 m², with a depth of 1 to 1.5 meters. Inlet and outlet points should have anti-escape facilities. Aquatic plants like water hyacinths can be planted in corners to provide hiding spots for the fish. It’s recommended to install nets around the pond base with mesh sizes between 0.2 cm and 0.4 cm, with a height of 80 cm and buried 20 cm into the soil to prevent predators like snakes and frogs from entering.
Before stocking, the pond should be drained 10 days in advance and disinfected with 80–100 kg of lime per 667 square meters.
When selecting fingerlings, they should be healthy, disease-free, and uniform in size. In larger ponds, about 20,000–30,000 fish per 667 square meters are stocked, with each fish measuring 3–5 cm. In smaller yards, 80–100 fish per square meter is appropriate. Before stocking, the fish should be soaked in a 3% saline solution for approximately 10 minutes.
Feed sources are diverse, including snails, clams, fly pupae, cockroaches, dead fish, shrimp, slaughterhouse by-products, and artificial compound feed. When feeding snails, clams, or similar items, it's best to mash them and mix with powdered feed. The protein content of granulated feed should be at least 30%. Feeding should occur twice daily, ideally in the early morning and late evening to align with the fish's natural feeding habits. The amount of feed should be adjusted based on weather, water temperature, water quality, and fish activity. Typically, the daily feeding amount is 5–8% of the fish's body weight.
During daily management, organic fertilizers can be applied to cultivate zooplankton, increasing natural food supply and reducing costs. Water should be added regularly—once every 7–10 days under normal conditions, and more frequently (every 5–7 days) during high temperatures. Each water change should add 10–15 cm of new water to improve water quality. Quicklime should be used every 15 days at a rate of 15–20 g per cubic meter of water. The pH level should be monitored and adjusted accordingly.
Regular morning and evening patrols are essential to monitor water quality and fish behavior. During rainy periods, special attention should be given to checking the pond’s escape prevention systems. Predators like snakes and rats should also be controlled.
Beard carp are generally resistant to diseases, though common issues include bacterial infections, fungal growth, and enteritis. To prevent bacterial infections, 1 gram of bleaching powder per cubic meter of water is recommended. For fungal infections, a mixture of 400 grams of baking soda and 400 grams of salt per cubic meter of water can be used. To treat enteritis, 0.3 grams of strong chlorine powder per cubic meter of water is effective. Additionally, 100 grams of medication should be mixed into every 50 kg of feed and administered for three consecutive days.
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