Peach anthracnose is a fungal disease that primarily affects young peaches, with the most vulnerable stage being the earliest growth phase. However, it can also damage new shoots and leaves. The pathogen thrives in warm and humid conditions, and outbreaks are common after rain or heavy precipitation. Areas with poor drainage, low-lying terrain, and improper pruning are particularly at risk. Overly dense planting and long fruiting branches further increase the likelihood of infection. This disease is especially prevalent in the Yangtze and Huaihe River regions.
Symptoms on young fruits include hard, dark brown spots that cause the fruit to stop growing, shrink, and become hardened, remaining attached to the tree as "stale fruit." During the fruit enlargement phase, small, light brown, water-soaked lesions appear and gradually expand into reddish-brown, sunken circular or oval spots with distinct concentric rings. Under high humidity, orange-red sticky spores (conidia) may form on the infected areas. Once infected, the fruit often becomes unmarketable.
As the fruit approaches maturity, lesions may grow irregular and large, covered with orange-red mucus that spreads across the surface. Most affected fruits rot soft, while some remain firm on the branches. Infected shoots develop grayish-brown, oval spots that may turn orange-red when wet. Affected branches often bend and twist, and leaves may curl and droop. In severe cases, the branches may die.
Infected leaves show light brown, round or irregular spots. In later stages, the center turns gray-brown, with black or orange-black spots appearing. Eventually, the lesions dry out and form holes.
The causal agent is *Colletotrichum gloeosporioides* (anamorph), with the sexual stage being *Glomerella cingulata*. The fungus survives in infected branches and dried fruit over winter. In late spring, conidia are produced and spread via wind, rain, or insects, infecting new shoots and young fruits. Secondary infections occur throughout the growing season under high humidity.
High humidity is essential for disease development. Cool, rainy weather during peach blossom time favors early infection, while warm, humid conditions during fruit ripening promote further spread. Rainfall exceeding 300mm between April and June often leads to severe outbreaks. Poorly drained soils, dense plantings, and extensive cultivation practices in Taoyuan contribute to higher incidence rates.
Disease resistance varies among peach varieties. Early and mid-season types are more susceptible, while late-season varieties tend to be less affected. Varieties like Early Water Honey, Tin Honey, Kobayashi, and Taicang are highly susceptible, while Baifeng and Tangxian show moderate resistance. Okubo, Baitao, Yulu, and Baihua have strong resistance.
Control measures include selecting resistant varieties, improving drainage, reducing humidity, and applying balanced fertilizers rich in phosphorus and potassium. Pruning during winter to remove diseased branches, fallen fruit, and dead wood is crucial. Chemical control involves spraying 45% wettable sulfur at 30 times dilution or 5°Bé lime sulfur mixed with 0.3% sodium pentachlorophenol before bud break. After flowering, applications of 50% benomyl, 80% mancozeb, 75% chlorothalonil, 70% difenoconazole, or 70% thiophanate-methyl at recommended concentrations should be done every 10 days for 2–3 applications.
Pharmaceutical intermediates
Drug Intermediates -Pharmaceutical intermediates: A material that is produced during a process step of the drug substance and must undergo further molecular changes or refining before it becomes a drug substance. The intermediates can be separated or not separated.
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (APIS)(or Drug Substance) : Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)(or Drug Substance) : Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and, when used in pharmaceutical products, to be an active ingredient in pharmaceutical products. Such substances have pharmacological activity or other direct effects in the diagnosis, treatment, symptom relief, management or prevention of disease, or can affect the function and structure of the body. As can be seen from the definition, the Intermediates APIS is a key product of the previous process of manufacturing the API and has a different structure from the API
Finally, for example, amoxicillin capsules are called preparations, amoxicillin is called APIS, and 6-APA is called Veterinary Intermediates APIS.
Penicillin potassium for injection is called preparation, penicillin potassium is called Veterinary raw materials, and green potassium industrial salt is called intermediate
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