Wintering greenhouse tomato cultivation techniques
The overwintering production temperature of tomatoes is a key factor. To provide the necessary temperature conditions for the growth of tomatoes, we must build a high-standard, warm winter greenhouse with good insulation and warming.
Second, choose the best sowing time
Arranging a large number of tomatoes before the Spring Festival will achieve the highest economic benefits. The sowing date of the tomatoes can be selected from the middle, late, and early September of August.
Third, nurture strong seedlings
1, choose the kind to choose the infinite production type. Tomatoes generally have 1800-2,000 square meters of planting density of 1800 square meters, and the seeding rate of nursery seedlings needs about 7-8 grams of tomato seeds per 667 square meters.
2. Preparation of nutritious soil Nursery nutritious soil Available fertile soil of 3 prices, 1 part of fully decomposed rim fertilizer, mash after sifting and mixing, add 3 kg of superphosphate per square meter of nutrient soil, 0.25 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate , 95% badew spirit 4 grams, 0.25 kg xin phosphorus bran bait. Mix well and prepare for use.
3. Seed treatment Before seed soaking or chemical treatment, plant seeds on sunny days for 2-3 days to facilitate the improvement of germination potential and robust germination. Can be used 50% carbendazim 500 times soaking for half an hour rinse with water, then soaked in warm water for 5 hours, and then placed in 10% trisodium phosphate solution soaked for half an hour, remove and rinse with water after re-germination sowing.
4, germination will be soaked in water absorption seeds into the sand bag, covered with a wet towel, placed in 25-30 °C environment germination, daily rinse with water at the corresponding temperature 1-2 times, after 2-3 days, half the seeds When "white", you can sow.
5, sowing the prepared nutritious soil into a nutrition cup of 8 cm X 8 cm, draining into a bowl not exceeding 1.2 meters in width and 6-7 meters in length, filling enough water, and urging the seeds of buds to each nutrition cup. One sowing, cover soil 0.8 cm, seedbed temperature maintained at 25 - 28 °C.
6, seedbed management When the seedlings out of the Qi, conduct ventilation and practice seedlings, August-September, light intensity at noon, seedlings easy to burn. The seedbed temperature should be controlled at 25-30°C during the day and 15-20°C at night, and pay attention to pest control and pest control every 10 days to cultivate disease-free strong seedlings. The criteria for strong seedlings are as follows: plant height 20-25 cm, short internodes, thick stems, consistent from top to bottom; 7-8 true leaves, long palm-shaped leaves, thick green leaves and thick, no lesions, seedling age 30 days.
Fourth, apply base fertilizer
Tomatoes have a long period of overwintering production. This requires sufficient land capacity. 10 m3 of chicken manure is fully decomposed per 667 m2 of greenhouse, 3 m3 of ring fertilizer, 100 kg of compound fertilizer, 100 kg of bean cake, boron magnesium fertilizer, and zinc. One kilogram each. When fertilizing, pay attention to the combination of organic fertilizer and micro-fertilizer to deep-seated ground; compound fertilizer is sprinkled on the surface and then applied to the surface of the soil.
V. Transplanting colonization
Pick north and south in the shed, female cubs 1.4 meters wide, each pod planted two rows, into large and small rows, large rows of 90 cm, small rows of 50 cm, spacing 45-50 cm. About 667 square meters planted about 2,000. The seedlings were planted into the bottom of the water and the water was poured into the seedlings.
Six, field management
1, if excessively long due to excessive temperature, available 1000X10 (negative 6th power) to help the prime factor or 500 times Chlorotheone control. General spray 1-2 times. Note that the concentration can not be excessive.
2. Soil cover film, with the growth of tomatoes, combined with soil to form a high ridge and cover the film (mid-January). Tomatoes are cultivated in winter and rise to high ridges. It helps to increase the temperature of the ground and reduce the air humidity in the shed, which can play a role in preventing disease and producing high yields.
3, water and fertilizer management, after planting irrigated, do not water before the first spike fruit to sit, "Shumiao" to promote the root bar. When the first order walnut is large, the second order fruit broad bean, and the third order fruit bud just blooms, the “seedlings†are finished, irrigation is started once every 10-15 days, and combined with potassium nitrate fertilizer 667 square meters each time 10 kilograms, each 667 square meters after the start of fruit collection use 20 kilograms each time.
4, hanging vines and pruning, hanging vines in the first sequence of flowering when carried out, pruning and smashing at the same time, the use of single pruning, all the side branches removed, is conducive to air and light, reducing unnecessary consumption of nutrients, the backbone has 6 spikes When the fruit is topping, 4 fruits per panicle are about to be harvested. Then one lateral branch is cultured to continue the growth. The old leaves of the lower trunk are removed, the vines are lowered, and the lateral branches are left with 2-3 spikes and then topped. Re-cultivation of collaterals continues to grow, followed by analogy, but it should be noted that one can only leave one collateral at a time, and the second is that collaterals cannot be left too early to avoid affecting fruit enlargement.
5, suitable flowering temperature is 20-30 °C, night temperature is 15-20 °C, lower than 15 °C and higher than 35 °C are not conducive to the normal development of flower and flowering pollination, easy to cause falling. Appropriate temperature during fruit development is 25-30 °C for axillary temperature and 13-17 °C for night temperature. Under the low temperature below 8°C, the growth of lycopene is disturbed and destroyed by the growing green fruits, and the appropriate temperature is not changed to red afterwards. When the daily temperature was as high as 30-35°C, the fruit growth rate was fast, but the fruit number decreased when the fruit number decreased, and the pigmentation was affected when the night temperature was as high as 28°C. The suitable soil temperature for root growth (5-10 centimeters of soil layer) is 20-22°C. Below 12°C, the growth of the root system is hindered. When the root temperature is lower than 10°C, the root hairs stop growing. Therefore, the winter insulation is the key to a thick straw curtain; Membrane coverage; 3 artificial heating measures.
6. The phenomenon of tomato fruit drop often appears in the shed and is a very important and difficult problem to solve in production. But mainly caused by the environment, the temperature is too high or too low, lack of light, lack of water, lack of organic nutrients, etc. can cause fruit drop. The night temperature at seedling stage is lower than 15°C. Flowering buds can also cause flower malformation and fruit malformation. Usually use 2.4-D flower stalk, concentration is (1-20)X10 (negative 6th power), the best open day, from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm, but to avoid the noon high temperature. The use of anti-dropping point flowers compared to 2.4-D significantly reduced the damage, concentration (10-30) X10 (negative 6th power) is appropriate.
Seven, pest control
1. Prevention of tendon rot In recent years, tendon rot disease has become more severe in our city. Symptoms are uneven fruit surfaces. Some fruits are brownish brown or appear necrotic spots, and the heart becomes hard or the flesh is brown and loses its commercial value.
This disease is a physiological disease. The extent of the disease depends on factors such as variety and temperature, light intensity, and unreasonable fertilization.
Control methods: 1 more fully applied organic fertilizer, improve soil, promote root development; 2 temperature not less than 10 °C, 5-10 centimeters of ground temperature not less than 12 °C; 3 less application of ammonia nitrogen, change the application of potassium nitrate fertilizer; 4 In the winter, when it is cloudy after a cloudy day, nourishing leaf fertilizer is applied at noon, and light curtains are shaded for half an hour at noon to prevent strong light from shining for a long time; 5 Don't flood with water in winter. This can effectively prevent the occurrence of tendon rot.
2. Prevention of umbilical rot disease The umbilical rot disease is a physiological disease, which is mainly manifested in the appearance of immersed water in the umbilicus of young fruit, and then gradually expanded, resulting in depression at the top of the fruit and sitting brown.
Causes of morbidity: 1 The use of ammonium nitrogen fertilizers increased the proportion of ammonium nitrogen in the soil solution, which affected the absorption of calcium ions in tomatoes; 2 The ground temperature was too low in winter, and the temperature was below 15°C for a long time, which affected the root system for calcium and magnesium. Absorption of boron and other elements; 3 Drought and waterlogging in the field, especially during drought, causing water supply disorders; 4 excessive application of potassium chloride and potassium sulfate fertilizer affect the absorption of calcium.
Prevention and control methods 1 increase the application of decomposed organic fertilizer, improve soil physical and chemical properties, promote root development and absorption of various nutrients; 2 prevent the soil from being too dry and avoid sudden drought; 3 at the beginning of the flowering period, spraying calcium nitrate leaf every 13 days Fertilizer; 4 winter greenhouses pay attention to insulation, to prevent the ground temperature is too low.
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