Breeding Techniques of Black Phoenix Chicken Breeders

In order to maintain, enhance, and improve the breeding performance of Chinese black phoenix chickens, it is essential to conduct in-breed selection. This includes family-based selection and careful evaluation of offspring. The breeding period for breeders typically lasts 1–2 years, but it's advisable to select high-quality individuals each year from the offspring to form a reserve flock. These reserves should be kept in separate families or strains to avoid inbreeding and ensure genetic diversity, which ultimately helps improve production performance. Breeding chickens must exhibit the “Shiquan” characteristics typical of Chinese black chickens. The most fundamental feature is their black silk-like feathers, while the black meat and black bones—often referred to as the "black tongue"—are also key traits. In fact, the "black tongue" is considered a defining quality characteristic of the Chinese black phoenix chicken. Only those with both black silk feathers and a black tongue (or light black coloration) can be considered the highest quality. Additionally, breeders should be strong, healthy, and well-developed, with a smooth and shiny coat. Any individual with matted feathers, dull appearance, or other abnormalities should be strictly excluded. Roosters selected for breeding should weigh around 1,250 grams before entering the breeding phase, while hens should be approximately 1,000 grams. Their annual egg production should range between 140 and 160 eggs. A rooster-to-hen ratio of 1:10 to 1:15 is recommended. The fertilization rate of eggs and the hatching rate of fertilized eggs should both exceed 90%. Roosters should also have a broad back and well-developed body, with an erect comb. Hens should have a wide and deep abdomen, a calm temperament, and good overall health. Feeding and management are crucial for optimal breeding performance. Feeding should begin at 165 days of age, with each chicken receiving 60–70 grams of feed daily. Clean drinking water should be provided four to six times a day, along with green feed. Adding water-soluble multivitamins, vitamin E, or products like “Speed Supplement 14” and high-power rice extracts to the drinking water can help boost egg production. If using a complete feed formula, it’s beneficial to include black grains such as black rice, rye, black beans, and black sesame. Herbal remedies or traditional Chinese medicine can also be used as supplements, depending on availability and local practices. The stocking density should be around 100 birds per group, with each house divided into 3–4 groups. A density of 5–6 birds per square meter is ideal. Light exposure should gradually increase starting from the first half of the month, reaching 16 hours per day. A 40-watt bulb should be placed every 15 square meters, positioned about 2 meters above the ground. Red light is more effective for promoting egg-laying. The optimal temperature during the egg-laying period is between 18–25°C, with a relative humidity of 50–55%. Proper measures should be taken to manage heat and humidity in summer, and to keep the environment warm and dry in winter. It is also beneficial to plant shrubs or small trees in the outdoor area to provide shade and comfort. Ventilation is important to maintain air quality inside the coop. Mechanical and vertical ventilation systems should be used. Daily cleaning of the interior and exterior of the house is necessary, with troughs and drinkers cleaned once a day. To stimulate egg production, the “Awake Husband” supplement from Nanjing Agricultural University can be administered at a dose of three tablets per day. It should be given for the first two to three days, then stopped, and resumed on the sixth to eighth day. Alternatively, painkillers such as APC tablets can be given every three days. During this time, hens should be caught, placed in an iron cage, and then returned to the house after the treatment.

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