Dairy cattle feed at different physiological stages
In order to improve the efficiency of dairy farming, it is important to prepare corresponding forage feeds for different physiological stages of dairy cows. Combining years of production practice, the author focuses on the supply of forage fodder for dairy cows.
Focus on forage health
Whether or not the forage is clean and healthy determines the intake of cattle and the health of the animals after eating. If the cow eats unclean fodder, it is very likely to cause diseases such as Digestive System diseases and respiratory diseases, and in severe cases, it will lead to maladjusted supply. Milk volume decreased. The direct product produced by dairy cows is milk, which is the food that people directly drink or use for deep processing. It must be clean and hygienic. It is forbidden to use adulteration or mix in dirt. If forage grass, iron nails, rags, plastic films, glass bottles, and other non-feed materials are mixed in the forage, the cows will first experience reduced feed intake, suffer from reticular gastritis or preeclampsia, and in severe cases lead to the premature elimination of cows. . Dairy cows also suffer from mastitis when they feed on unclean grass. Not only do the milk production decline, but they also use some medication. The milk that is squeezed out during treatment cannot be consumed, which directly leads to a decline in the efficiency of farmers.
Prepared forage feed
Dairy cows' diet consists of green feed, roughage feed, and concentrate feed. Green feed includes a variety of pastures, green straws and silages. Green straw is best made into silage for cows to feed for years. Roughage refers to a variety of hay and dry crop stalks. The nutritional value of hay is higher than that of dry stalks. Conditional farmers should make more hay in summer and autumn. The concentrate feed can be purchased from the feed mill or the farmers themselves. In concentrated feed, energy feed (corn, bran, etc.) accounted for 70% to 75%, cakes (bean cakes, soybean meal, rapeseed cake, etc.) accounted for 20%, minerals, salt, additives, etc. accounted for 5% ~ 10%. Every adult cow needs 9 tons of green feed, 1 ton of roughage, and 2 tons of concentrated feed. When preparing forage fodder, it is strictly prohibited to use prohibited and non-compliance drugs, additives or non-feed materials that are prohibited by the state from being used.
Meet the needs of milk production
Cowhouse lighting conditions are better, insist on daily cleaning. During the winter, you can spend more time in the sun outdoors and in the shade in the summer. Green feed is sufficient, and it is better to eat less. Roughage as a matching material, to add a small amount. Concentrate feed is calculated based on milk production. High-yielding dairy cows feed 1 kg of fine material for every 3 kg of milk produced, and low-yielding dairy cows feed 1 kg of fine material for every 4 kg of milk produced. Feeding regularly, it is strictly prohibited to feed moldy feeds, not to drink cold water or dirty water. About 10 months of milk production gradually dry milk. There are two ways to dry milk: First, gradually dry milk method, that is to reduce the number of milking from 3 times / day to 1 time / day, limit drinking water and strengthen exercise. When milk production dropped to 4 kg, milking was stopped. In two weeks, the cows gradually dried milk. Second, fast dry milk method was used to reduce fine material control of green and drinking water, and exercise was strengthened. One day after milking, the milk was squeezed every other day. The cows were allowed to dry their milk within 1 week.
Formulating dairy cow diets
The growth and development of dairy cows are closely related to feed diets. According to statistics from farmers raising dairy cows, the cost of feed accounts for more than 60% of the cost of fresh milk production. Therefore, it is necessary to attach importance to the ration of dairy cows. The ratio of diets should adhere to six principles: First, to meet the nutritional needs of dairy cows; Second, to balance nutrition; Third, to optimize the composition of raw materials; Fourth, to the appropriate size; Fifth, to be good palatability, low cost; Sixth, no adverse effects on milk products . In view of the fact that dairy cows have strong technical compatibility in the different production stages, especially with regard to concentrate feed, dairy farmers can directly use dairy cow concentrate ingredients or concentrated feeds produced by regular manufacturers, and then add their own roughage. Or energy feeds, such as corn, bran, silage, hay, etc., can be formulated as a full-price dairy cow diet.
Different milk production
The age of lactation. The digestible total nutrients in feed are high and should contain enough crude fiber. The feed preferably includes seed or animal fats with high oil content such as cottonseeds, soybeans and the like. During this period, crude protein in dairy cow diets should account for 16% to 18% of dietary dry matter, 0.7% calcium, 0.45% phosphorus, and at least 17% crude fiber (accounting for dietary dry matter). At the beginning of lactation, the crude protein content in feed can be increased to 19%, and the crude-to-coarse ratio is 46-50:50-54. Methionine, lysine and threonine protein feeds or additives are added at the same time. The milk cows with a weight of 600 kilograms and a milk production of 40 kilograms per day are composed of 12 kilograms of concentrate, 25 kilograms of silage, 4 kilograms of hay, and 5 kilograms of juicy feed.
Mid lactation. During this period, the milk production of dairy cows began to gradually decline at a rate of 6% to 8%. At the same time, the nutritional needs of cows after pregnancy were reduced compared with before. Therefore, this characteristic should be seized so that they can eat more hay and supplement the concentrates appropriately. Milk production and fat percentage maintained at high levels. Dairy cow mid-lactose dietary rough ratio can be controlled at 40 ~ 48:55 ~ 60.
Late lactation. The milk production of dairy cows has dropped significantly and it is easier to raise them at this time. This stage should be used to intensify the recovery of dairy cows. According to the conversion rate of feed energy and the economic effect of feeding, the organs of the lactating cows are still in a strong state of activity at this time. The total efficiency of the metabolic function of feed metabolism is higher than that of dry milk, and there is potential for milk production. The ratio of refined to coarse grains can be controlled at 25-30:70-75, and care must be taken not to produce excessive fat in the lactating cattle.
Dry milk period. Dairy cows do not need to produce milk. At this time, they aim to restore body condition and ensure fetal development. The ratio of refined to coarse dietary feed can be controlled at 15-20:80-85. Reference recipe 1 (%): corn 38.3, sorghum 16.4, soybean meal 4.2, bran 17, defatted rice bran 3, lotus root powder 13, molasses 5, dicalcium phosphate 0.7, calcium carbonate 1.7, salt 0.5, vitamin minerals premix 0.2. Reference formula 2 (%): corn 43.3, sorghum 21, soybean meal 7, bran 9, defatted rice bran 7, bran powder 4.3, molasses 5, dicalcium phosphate 0.5, calcium carbonate 2.2, salt 0.5, vitamin mineral premix 0.2.
Promote the use of 苜蓿
Radon is a kind of high-quality perennial leguminous herbage. The average annual output of hay for a 5-year-old oyster is about 1 ton per year. The annual output of crude protein is 150 kg/mu. The comprehensive ratio of energy protein for alfalfa, Leymus chinensis and mixed concentrate is 100:64:122, while the market price ratio for digestible crude protein is 100:240:136. Commodities include grass bales, grass blocks, grass pellets, semi-dry silage, and barley. There are certain differences in the amount of feed in different forms: the amount of hay bales and grass blocks should be 2.5 kg to 3 kg; The amount of powder and straw powder should be 1.5kg-2kg; the amount of semi-dry silage and barley should be 5kg-10kg. Barley contains saponin, excessive feeding will produce rumen helium, can be mixed with corn stover or wheat straw feeding. Feeding dairy cows with a mixture of 2.5 kilograms of alfalfa and corn stover, the price is lower than 2 kilograms of Leymus chinensis, nutrient content higher than 5 kilograms
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