How to choose a new apple orchard
When did you build Apple Orchard
The apple orchards are planted in autumn and spring. In the spring, after the soil is thawed and before germination, the survival rate before the sprouting is highest. The suitable period for autumn planting is after defoliation and before the soil is frozen. At this time, the soil moisture is good, the temperature is high, the wounds of the seedlings are easy to heal, and new roots can be promoted. The survival rate of the planting is high, but wintering protection should be paid attention to.
Apple Garden Construction Site Selection Science
The apple garden construction site should pay attention to five aspects: First, focus on contiguous. Concentrate planning and establishment of parks to facilitate intensive management and management, quickly form commodity scales and production centers, expand visibility, and participate in market competition. Second, the terrain is flat. Choose flat slopes or gentle slopes less than 5 degrees to build a garden with plenty of light, a large temperature difference between day and night, and ventilation. Avoid building gardens in low-lying and wetlands. Third, the soil quality is good. The soil depth of the garden should be more than 60 cm. The soil is loose and has good permeability. It is appropriate to use neutral or slightly acidic loam or sandy loam soil. Fourth, the altitude is higher. At an altitude of 800 to 1,200 meters, a garden is built. The strong UV rays make the apple more vivid in color. Altitude is too high, the accumulated temperature is not enough, and the sugar content of the fruit is reduced, which affects coloring. Fifth, deep-rooted reforms. To build gardens on thin soils, thicker textures or more viscous soils, deep-turning soils and applying farmyard fertilizers.
New apple orchard selection seedlings
The selection of seedlings should adhere to the principle of “self-breeding, self-breeding, self-breeding and self-cultivationâ€. Priority should be given to the selection of seedlings with intact roots, no diseases and insect pests, full sprouts, pure rootstocks, and robust growth, and to resolutely eliminate seedlings from infected areas. The standard of high-quality seedlings is: There are more than 3 main roots, more than 20 cm in length, and 0.45 cm or more in base thickness. There are more small lateral roots and fibrous roots; seedlings are thick, seedling height is 120 cm or more, and stems are 10 cm above the interface. More than 1.2 cm thick, full of buds on the seedling stem, there are more than 8 full buds in the plastic belt; good grafting interface, no quarantine objects of pests and diseases.
In terms of variety and compatibility, late-maturing varieties can be selected from "Fuji" and "Pink Lady"; medium-maturing varieties can be selected from "crushable" and "Royal". At the same time, attention should be paid to selecting 2 to 3 pollination varieties with good compatibility with the main plant varieties. The proportion of the main cultivars and pollination cultivars should be 5:1 or 4:1, and the pollination varieties should be distributed as evenly as possible in the garden.
The new apple orchard planting density is determined
The combination of Qiaoqin anvil and common type of scion and rootstock has the strongest growth potential. The tree crown is tall, the long branch is the most, and the tree is difficult to control. The general spacing is 4-6 meters, and the spacing between plants is 2.5-4 meters. The specific planting distance should be determined according to local conditions. Such as good conditions of water and fertilizer flat land or hilly hills, with a spacing of 5 to 6 meters, spacing of 4 meters is better, planting 417 to 500 plants per hectare; in the poor conditions of fertilizer and water, row spacing 4 to 4.5 meters, plant spacing 3~ 4 meters is appropriate, and 624 to 740 plants per hectare are planted; while in the wetland and barren land, the row and plant spacing should be reduced by about 0.5 meters.
The comprehensive growth potential of the three combinations of Qiao anvil, short branch, dwarf interstock, short branch, dwarf anvil, short branch, and scion was significantly weaker than the combination of Qiao anvil and common type. 3~1/2. Therefore, the line and plant spacing should be 0.5 to 1 meters smaller than the common type combination.
Dwarfing the intermediate anvil ~ ordinary anvil-sprouting combination This combination of tree vigor medium, big crown, with a spacing of 3 to 4 meters, spacing of 2 to 3 meters is appropriate, planting 825 to 1665 per hectare.
The combination of dwarf self-root anvil and common anvil-spike combination was weak or weak, and the dwarfing degree of the tree was moderate. The spacing was 4 meters and the plant spacing was 1.5-2 meters.
The virus-free anvil-sprouting combination under the same cultivation conditions, the annual growth of the virus-free anvil-panicle combination plants is about 30% larger than that of the virus, and the tree vigor is strong, the crown is large, and the branches are long and difficult to control. The plant spacing is 0.5 to 1 meter larger than the virus, and 990 to 1665 plants per hectare are appropriate.
Newly built apple orchard with three tree shapes
The slender spindle shape is suitable for dwarfing and short-stem cultivars with a row spacing of 3.5 to 4 meters, and is a tree-like shape widely promoted by Mizhiyuan. The basic structure is 60-70 cm in height and about 3 meters in height. The center is strong and upright, with 14 to 18 uniaxial temporary small main branches growing in the shape of golden meandering, similar forces, and spiraling upwards. The small main branch spacing is 15-25 cm, and the branch exhibition does not exceed 1 meter. The thickness is l~3.5 cm, the opening angle is 100~110, the distance between the main branches with the same orientation is 80~90 cm, and a small result branch group with a pendulous shape is born about 15 cm on each side of the small main branch. The whole tree is slender, slightly up and down, slightly long in the middle and spindle-shaped. Forming consequences The structure of the garden group reached the point where the strains did not transfer, and a 1 meter operation belt was left between the rows. The amount of acres is controlled from 6 to 80,000.
The improved spindle shape is suitable for Qiaohua and semi-dwarf varieties with a spacing of 3m to 4m. The basic structure is that the trunk is 60 to 70 centimeters high and the tree height is 3 to 3.5 meters. The stem is strong and upright, and the base is made of three permanent permanent main branches 1.3 to 1.5 meters long. The angle is opened to 80 to 85. On both sides of the small main branch, a medium and small size is produced directly at an interval of 20 to 30 centimeters. The results showed that the branch group; the middle and upper parts of the trunk were evenly planted with 8 to 9 uniaxially-extending, temporary main shoots with moderate growth, similar strength, interspersed arrangement, and spiraling up, with a branch length of 1 to 1.3 meters and an opening angle of 100. . On both sides of the main branch, a pendant-like branch was produced every 15-20 cm. After the formation, the orchard population structure reaches the operating belts that do not transfer between the lines, leaving 1 to 1.5 meters between rows, and the amount of mu branches is controlled at 7 to 80,000.
Xiaoguan sparse layer shape is suitable for the common type of Qiao anvil with a spacing of 3~4 meters and 5 meters. The basic structure is that stem height is 60-80 cm, and tree height and crown diameter are 3 to 3.5 meters. The whole tree has 5 to 6 main branches, arranged in layers, with 3 main branches in the first layer and 2 to 3 main branches in the second layer. Within the first layer from the 20 to 30 cm, generally only two layers of the main branch of full fruit. The distance from the first layer to the second layer is 100 to 110 cm. Each primary branch of the first floor is equipped with 1 to 2 small lateral branches arranged on both sides. The main branch of the second layer leaves no side branches, leaving only the various branches. Main branch opening angle 70~75.
How to plant an apple tree
The land where the ditch (hole) is planned to be changed and the land is planned to be built should be improved by digging holes (holes) several months ahead of time. It is best to dig autumn or summer to dig spring so that the deep soil can have enough time. Mature. The specific method is: According to the determined row direction and row spacing, excavation width 1 meter, depth 0.8 to 1.0 meters of planting ditch (hole). During excavation, first, topsoil and subsoil should be piled separately; secondly, they should be backfilled in layers, and 2 to 3 layers of the lower part of the ditch (hole) should be filled with crushed crop straw, weeds, leaves and other organic matter, and then be filled with top soil and organic fertilizer. , Phosphatic fertilizer mixture, and finally covered with subsoil.
Before the planting of pits and diggings, according to the determined row spacing, a fixed point shall be set in the middle of the planting trenches (holes) that have already been excavated and excavated, and then the planting pit shall be planted with a planting pit of 30 cm square as the center of the planting point.
Before the seedlings are planted and treated, the seedlings shall be checked and registered, and then graded according to the quality. The seedlings with poor quality, weak, malformed, and excessively damaged roots shall be removed or they shall be planted. For the selected seedlings, the main and lateral roots should be cut off a little, then the seedlings should be soaked in clean water for a day and night to make them fully absorb water. When planting, the seedlings were completely immersed in a prepared phosphate fertilizer solution (high-quality superphosphate 1.5 kg + loess 10 kg + water 50 kg, fully stirred) in half an hour or with the planting. You can also plunge the rooted seedlings in a 1% to 2% solution of superphosphate to dip the roots for 12 to 24 hours, and then plant the roots with the mud.
Planting will plant the bottom of the planting pit into a mound shape so that the root system will be evenly distributed on the mound, support the seedling, then fill the top soil around the root system, and gently raise the seedlings to make the root system stretch. Then use the down-to-earth method to make the soil roots. Closely, fill the ground to the ground level, and ensure that the soil mark on the planted seedlings is flat or slightly higher than the ground. Immediately after planting water, then seal the soil. When planting, we should also pay attention to planting about 10% of the same species, the same quality of "preparation of seedlings" between the lines, if there is no survival or damage to the plants in the second year, you can replant in the fall to maintain the same neat garden.
Apple Orchard Management After Planting
Buried in the cold winter climate is relatively cold, arid and accompanied by strong winds. The newly planted seedlings must be buried in the cold before the soil is frozen. When the soil is buried, first make a "bamboo beam" around the seedlings to prevent the seedlings from being broken when the seedlings are bent. Then the seedlings should be slowly bent along the northwest direction to make them close to or close to the ground, immediately afterwards. The seedlings are covered with soil 30 to 50 cm thick and the seedlings are completely buried. Pay attention to when drawing and bending the seedlings to be light and slow, and when the covering is over, the soil should be crushed, but do not use pedals or tools to prevent damage to the seedlings.
Planing to dry the seedlings in the cold before the seedlings in the spring to dry and plan to dry. Generally, after the temperature rises and stabilizes after the Ching Ming period, the soil can be planted. Planing can be done at one time and the seedlings can be placed on a plan, and the seedlings can also be placed in different grades according to weather conditions. After the seedlings are released, the seedlings are set to dry in a timely manner, and the dry height is 0.8-1.0 meters. If the quality of the seedlings is poor, the dry height should be lower. After drying, seals should be sealed with plastic film tape, wax or fruit tree healing agent.
The seedlings and dry bags are made of ordinary agricultural plastic film and are made of long plastic bags with a width of about 5 to 7 centimeters and a length of about 90 to 110 centimeters and an open side. The autumn planting seedlings were planted in the second year of the spring, and the seedlings were placed and dried. When bagging, the seedlings are all covered with plastic bags from top to bottom and buried in the soil at the bottom. When the young shoots in the bag grow to about 3 cm, the bags are removed 3 to 4 times so that the seedlings in the bags gradually adapt to the external environment. The first time around the bag, four to five holes with a diameter of about 1 cm are evacuated and then expanded every 2 to 3 days. After 6 to 8 days, when the temperature and humidity conditions inside and outside the bag are basically the same, all in the evening. Remove the residue bag. Bagging should not be too early, too fast or too late. If the bag is taken too early, the buds may be harmed by scarabs and other pests; the bags are too urgent and the new leaves are quickly exposed to the dry atmosphere from a high humidity environment. The edge is prone to scorch; when the bag is too late, the temperature in the bag is too high, which can easily cause the blade to burn or twist due to the growth of the new shoot.
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