Occurrence and Control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Spearmint (Menthespicata L.), also known as spearmint, is an important special economic natural spice crop, perennial perennial aromatic herbs. In the early 1980s, the northern Jiangsu area was introduced from the United States, and Dongcao Xincao Farm was introduced in 1982. With the continuation of the cultivation period, spearmint sclerotinia began to occur in 1986. It occurred in 1988 and became widespread in 1990. It became a major epidemic in 1990, and it has generally occurred in recent years. The incidence of light diseased plants 30% -40%, 80% -100% occurred in severe cases. The general reduction of production is 10%-15%, and in severe cases, it can be more than 35%. There has been no report on this disease in the country. In order to solve the problems in production, a special discussion has been made on the law of the occurrence of the disease and its control techniques. The results are reported below.
1. Symptoms The lower leaves of the plant are the first to develop. Irregular water-stained dark green or yellow-brown or dark brown spots appear on the leaves. After 3-4 days, when the humidity is high, inconspicuous rims can be seen on the lesions, and silky gray and white mold layer (mycelium) is covered on top, and the diseased leaves turn dark brown and rot; the humidity is not seen on the lesions. The ring pattern is covered with white mold (mycelium) and the diseased leaves are shriveled and wilted. After 7-10 days, when the environment is unwell, the epidermis of the stalk is broken and shrunk. The upper leaves are withered and yellow, and the middle and lower leaves are dark brown. The environment is suitable for the diseased leaves to rot and become black and fall off into light rods. The stems are black and dead.
2. The pathogen of the pathogenic spore smut is Sclerotinias clerotiorum (Lib.) deBary. Ascomycete is a genus of Ascomycota sclerotiorum genus. Asexual genus is Rhizoctonia sp. mycelia is colorless, right angle or Branches with acute angles, contraction and division near the branches; initial branch mycelium was rod-shaped, no separation, contracture was not obvious. The mycelium produced in the diseased leaves of the field is the initial hyphae of the silky genus. The cells are long and have few branches. Sclerotia hemispherical or irregular shape, about 1mm in diameter, about 3.5mm in diameter, about 1.5mm in diameter. The initial surface is milky white, followed by brown to dark brown, with a rough surface.
3. The morbidity of spontaneous sclerotinia occurs in the two peak periods of Xincao Farm in the northern Jiangsu Province. The common head of Spearmint is in June to July and the second to September to October. The head lice disease is lighter and the back tying is more severe. The morbidity begins when the line is closed and can occur during the harvest period.
3.1. The occurrence of rainy and wet weather is heavy and damp, promoting the proliferation and spread of export pathogens. Continuous rain, heavy rainfall and heavy dew exposure are conducive to the growth and re-infection of germs. According to the survey, in late May, 1991, 5 days more rainy days than in previous years, 2.5 days, rainfall 38.5mm, 12.7mm higher than the previous year, the onset of the disease is advanced and very serious, the incidence rate was 78.3%, the mortality rate was 32.6%. The greater economic loss. Low-lying, poor channeling, and heavy waterlogging are conducive to the invasion and spread of germs. According to the survey, the incidence of difficult-drained plots was 2.2 times higher than that of undisturbed plots.
3.2. Closing of the plants with heavy plant closure resulted in decreased plant disease resistance. High density, more weeds, vigorous growth, lush foliage, is not conducive to healthy growth of plants and is conducive to pathogen infection. According to the survey, the density is 0.8 million to 12,000 strains/667 square meters, the incidence rate is 17.5%; 15,000 to 20 thousand strains/667 square meters, the incidence rate is 45.6%; when the weeds are 46-63 strains/0.11 square meters, the incidence rate is At 51.9%, 7-18 strains/0.11m2, the incidence rate was 22.4%.
3.3. Continuous cropping The incidence of double cropping is heavily linked to heavy cropping, with a large number of bacterial sources, a large amount of bacteria, a high base number, and heavy disease incidence. According to the survey, the incidence of new crops in 1a is 14.8%, the incidence rate of 2a is 27.5%, and the incidence of old crops in more than 3a is 50.1%.
4. Control measures
1) Agricultural control (1) Dehumidification, waterlogging, trenching, digging trenches, lowering of groundwater level, connecting rivers and channels to open water, drainage, flow, drought, drought, reduce humidity, eliminate waterlogging, and create a favorable crop growth Not conducive to the environment where the disease occurs. One plot, two outlets, three channels, and four sides empty. The gutter spacing is 2.4m, the gutter spacing is 30m, and the distance between the gutters is 50m. After the emergence of the head lice and the two spearmint scent, they must be cleared in time.
(2) Scientific fertilization control nitrogen fertilizer, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, coordinate the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plant, and enhance disease resistance. Basal fertilizer is dominated by organic fertilizers and supplemented by chemical fertilizers; chemical fertilizers are mainly phosphorus and potash fertilizers, supplemented by nitrogen fertilizers. Topdressing is dominated by chemical fertilizers, supplemented by organic fertilizers; organic fertilizers are dominated by nitrogen fertilizers and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are supplemented. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:0.65:0.15.
(3) Rotation of crop rotation is carried out year after year. It is best to use crop rotation to reduce the source of bacteria. In the Dongtai region of North Jiangsu, there are roughly two kinds of rotations: one is 1a2 cooked: the first summer is wheat or rape, the autumn is rice, corn and soybean; the second summer is spearmint, and autumn is Spearmint or red beans, chicory, vegetables, etc. The second is 2a5 cooked: the first summer cooked for barley or beans, early autumn cooked corn, late autumn cooked red beans, chicory, carrots, etc.; the second summer cooked is spearmint, autumn cooked spearmint or kidney beans , chicory, vegetables, etc.
(4) The dense planting of spearmint has strong branching, multiple branches and low node position. The suitable density of head lice is about 10,000 strains/667m2, the row spacing is about 0.4mm, the plant spacing is about 0.17m, and the suitable density of the second pod is 4.0 to 45000 strains/667m2. To control the density of the head pods, artificial seedlings or mechanical saplings must be used to control the density. Increased density and ventilation.
(5) Removal of weeds Weed management includes manual weed control and chemical control. The first chemical control technology is the pre-emergence blocking treatment (before Spearmint does not emerge and before the weeds are unearthed) Apply 25% diuron WP (WP, the same below) 200g, or 25% chlorotoluene WP 200g, 80 per 667m2 % Furatropone 100g, Guar 24% EC (emulsion, the same below) 66ml, 25% Diuron WP125g+25% Chlorophyllum WP 150g, 25% Chlorotoluene WP 100g+ Gramoxone 20% AS (water, down Same as) 100ml. This method generally does not need to use head lice, and is applied on the diterpenes. The application of diterpenoids is within 3 days after the harvest of the head orchid. The second is post-emergence shoot and leaf treatment (for spearmint seedlings aged over five leaf stages, when the weed grass age is less than six leaf stage) 667m2 is administered lean ECG 5% EC or L. capsula can be 10.8% EC60ml, or 25% off Grass pine AS300ml or Paoxiaodan 48%AS150ml, 25% diuron WP200g, 25% chlorotoluron WP100g+48% Patrinia Dan AS100ml. After this method was applied, there was slight damage to spearmint, but after 6 days, the spearmint growth returned to normal.
2) Chemical protection is mainly based on pharmaceutical protection and supplemented with pharmaceutical treatment. After a short period of rainfall (such as thunderstorms), the application of pesticides is prevented one time; during the rainy season (continuous rain), it is controlled once every 7 days for 2-3 consecutive times; the initial treatment of the peak (or occurrence) of peak incidence is 2- 3 times, each application interval 5d. The agent can use 40% carbendazim gel suspension 150ml, thiophanate-methyl 70% WP75g or 75% chlorothalonil WP150g for every 667m2, and the efficacy is over 70%. 20% triadimefon EC50ml, 65% control effect.

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Production Specification Sheet

Product Name

Goji Powder

Country of Origin

Ningxia in China

ANALYSIS	SPECIFICATTION		TEST METHODS
Product Name	FD Goji Powder	SD Goji Powder
Color	Orange-yellow or Orange-red		Organoleptic Inspection
Odor	Characteristic, no other odor		Organoleptic Inspection
Taste	Characteristic		Organoleptic Inspection
Characters/Appearance	Fine particles or powder, slightly caking		Organoleptic Inspection
Impurity	No visible foreign material		Organoleptic Inspection
Loss on drying/Moisture(%)	NMT 10.0	NMT 8.0	GB5009.3
Total Sugar(glucose%)	NLT 40.0	NLT 20.0	GB/T18672
Protein(%)	NLT 4.0	NLT 4.0	GB5009.3
Leads(Pb) mg/kg	NMT 0.5	NMT 1.0	GB5009.12
Arsenic(As) mg/kg	NMT 0.3	NMT 0.5	GB/T5009.11
Total Plate Count(cfu/g)	NMT 30000		GB4789.2
Coliform(MPN/100g)	NMT 90	NMT 30	GB4789.3
Mold(cfu/g)	NMT 25	NMT 20	GB4789.15
Yeast(cfu/g)	NMT 25	NMT 20	GB4789.15
Pathogen	Negative		GB4789.4, GB4789.5, GB4789.10, GB/T4789.11

 

Shelf Life	12 months if stored in a cool ventilated dry place
Storage	It should be stored under cool, well ventilated, and dry condition
Package	Internal: Double composite bag. External: Carton

 

 

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Goji Powder

Herbal Goji Berry,Wolfberry Powder,Goji Berry Extract Powder,Goji Berry Freeze Dried Powder

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