Several problems that should be noticed in early spring vegetable nursery

The selection of a bed-free soil seedbed is crucial for healthy plant growth. It's best to choose a sunny, elevated area that is well-drained. The ideal soil should be fertile and free from previous crops in the solanaceous (like tomatoes, peppers, eggplants) and cruciferous (such as cabbages, radishes, turnips) families. A five-year crop rotation without these plants is recommended. Sandy soil is preferable, and you should use the topsoil between 13 to 17 cm deep. Avoid using garden soil, as it may contain pathogens or weeds. To reduce the risk of soil-borne diseases, the bed soil can be disinfected. Common methods include using carbendazim or formalin solutions. For seed preparation, soaking seeds in warm water at 55°C for 15 minutes while stirring constantly helps to kill any potential pathogens. After the temperature drops to around 30°C, let the seeds soak at room temperature until they germinate. The soaking time varies depending on the vegetable: cucumbers need 36–48 hours, cabbages take about 36 hours, and eggplants require 6–7 days. When germinating, small-seeded cruciferous vegetables like cabbage or radish should have their radicles just breaking through the seed coat. For solanaceous vegetables, the sprout should not exceed the length of the seed. Cucurbit vegetables such as cucumbers or bitter gourds can have short sprouts, up to 1–2 cm in length. Before sowing, ensure the soil is moist but not waterlogged. Sow the seeds evenly, and once they start to show, cover them with a thin layer of medicated soil. Then, place a shade net or straw over the bed to maintain moisture and encourage uniform germination. Finally, cover the bed with a plastic film for a few days until the seedlings "show buds." During this period, keep the soil consistently moist, maintain temperatures between 20°C and 35°C, and keep air humidity at 85%–90%. Once the seedlings emerge, gently spray water to help them "wear caps" and remove the seed coats. Gently brush the seed shells with a soft brush once they become moist. Applying a small amount of phosphate fertilizer can improve the seedlings' cold resistance. Pest and disease control is essential during the seedling stage. Common issues include damping-off and blight. As soon as symptoms appear, remove the affected seedlings and apply a protective treatment to prevent further spread. Effective treatments include a copper ammonium mixture (2 parts copper sulfate mixed with 11 parts ammonium carbonate, left to sit for 24 hours), diluted 400–500 times. Alternatively, 50% carbendazim diluted 600 times, or 75% chlorothalonil or 70% trichopirtine WP at 600–800 times. Copper sulfate solution at 0.1%–0.2% concentration can also be used. Regular monitoring and early intervention are key to maintaining healthy seedlings.

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