Wheat water saving and stable water use efficiency is the key

Before this year's wheat harvest, the reporter saw an interesting scene at the Malan R&D base in Hebei Dadi, Xinji City, Hebei Province: I saw a small wheat field dug up a large pit more than two meters deep, and the soil below the surface was clearly visible. . After careful observation, there is still a lot of learning. The soil close to the surface layer is rich in water due to rainfall; when it goes down, it is quite dry; by about 2 meters, the water content of the soil has risen sharply, and even water still appears. Through the soil layer, it is faintly visible that the wheat roots are stubbornly plunged to a depth of more than 2 meters and absorb water.

“In fact, the secret of wheat water conservation is 'underground', and the roots of water-saving wheat varieties are more developed than ordinary varieties, and can effectively absorb water in the soil.” Sun Guozhong, a researcher at the Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Wheat is essential for agricultural production in North China, and North China is a typical resource-deficient area. It is necessary to avoid deep groundwater over-exploitation and to use limited water resources to stabilize food security and improve water resources of wheat varieties. It is imperative to use efficiency.

Wheat "lives in" the greenhouse, the identification strives for precision

Produced in Daejeon, wheat is completely exposed to the natural environment. However, the breeding process requires relatively precise, and the screening experiments of water-saving wheat must also accurately control the environment. In the water-saving test station of the Institute of Dry Farming Research of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences in the town of Shenjiao, Shenzhou City, Hebei Province, the wheat from all the units of the excellent species was “into” the dry shed and carried out rigorous tests.

“Our dry shed is specially used to identify the water-saving and drought-resistance performance of various varieties. It can be done with 'three fines and two preventions and one control', excluding other natural factors, and only see the effect of water on wheat.” Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences Researcher Qiao Wenchen told reporters.

According to reports, "three fines" precisely control or measure the amount of irrigation, soil moisture and infiltration through instruments distributed in the soil; "two defenses" is to prevent the impact of rainfall and groundwater on the measured values; "one control" is Refers to monitoring and controlling the salt in the soil.

The reason for the accuracy of the identification process is that it benefits from the perfect facilities. Each dry shed is divided into several 3×2.2 m steel mixed pools, identified in the “cement pool” and completely isolated from the natural soil; the top of the pool is covered with a bird net to make the output data more Accurate; at the same time, the entire area is covered by a plastic shed that can be opened and closed. When it is raining, the greenhouse is closed, and it is impossible for wheat to seek “foreign aid”.

“But the dry shed is a simulated environment after all. It depends on whether the variety can resist drought and stabilize production in the natural environment, and it is also necessary to carry out natural identification in the field at the same time.” Zhang Wenying, a researcher at the Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences. In the field identification area, the area of ​​each variety of the plot is 12.4 square meters, while the area of ​​the plot in the dry shed is 6.2 square meters, which can be adapted to the respective environment.

Since it is drought-resistant identification, the most important variable is naturally the amount of irrigation water. Whether in the shed or in the field, the varieties need to be treated in three different ways: water treatment, water treatment and drought treatment. In the dry shed, the three methods of irrigation are 90 cubic meters, 45 cubic meters and 0 cubic meters respectively; in the field, they are consistent with the production of the field, using spring 2 water, spring 1 water and spring 0 water irrigation respectively. the way.

“In fact, the water-saving and drought-resistance of the varieties are two indicators. Water-saving only requires less watering than the existing irrigation methods, but drought resistance is more demanding, and it is not necessary to water.” Qiao Wenchen said. It is understood that by comparing the performance under water-saving treatment and water treatment, the water-saving identification of the varieties can be carried out, and the drought resistance of the varieties can be identified by comparing the performance under drought treatment and water treatment.

“The field identification results and the results of the dry shed identification confirm each other, which increases the scientificity and accuracy of the identification,” said Pang Zhaojin, director of the Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

There is also a "antique" in the greenhouse, and the study is heavy in the underground.

Since it is to identify the utilization efficiency of water by wheat, it is necessary to study the penetration of wheat roots and soil, and the knowledge is naturally in the figure. "We have developed a new generation of dry sheds for the development of water-saving wheat roots. The scope of identification is larger than before and the method is more scientific." Zhang Wenying said.

At the test station, the reporter saw that not far from the first generation of dry sheds, the latest second and third generation dry sheds stood. The improvement of the second-generation dry shed was mainly on the ground, the number of identification pools increased to 48, and the shelters were upgraded to semi-automatic. The third generation of sheds has a staircase, the secret is that there is a basement in the greenhouse.

Walking into the basement is a long corridor that stretches deep into the end of the dry shed. There is an iron gate corresponding to the location of each identification pool. The back of the iron gate is not the room, but the soil layer where the wheat roots are located. The soil layer and the corridor are separated by glass, which is convenient for researchers to observe the wheat roots and prevent other factors from interfering with the soil layer.

“The observation room is 2 meters deep underground, which is the key location to check whether the wheat roots are developed.” Zhang Wenying told reporters that before the basement is not available, the water-saving and drought-resistance of wheat can only be detected by numerical values, but now it is even deeper underground. Intuitive.

The mystery of the basement is not limited to this. Below the root observation layer, there is a corridor, which is deeper and can reach 4 meters underground. "The root system is observed at a position of 2 meters underground, and the position of 4 meters underground is used to detect the amount of soil penetration." Zhang Wenying introduced.

In the second floor of the basement, there is a set of pipes for each of the corresponding identification pools. After the ground is irrigated, the researchers can clearly know how much water is actually used by the wheat by measuring the amount of water in the pipes. “In the past, although there were methods for detecting soil penetration, it was necessary to pump water from the ground to the ground for measurement. It is inevitable that there is a deviation.” In Zhang Wenying’s view, the upgrade of the identification facility is to make the identification results more accurate and more advanced.

Different from the research of common varieties, in order to accurately grasp the water-saving and drought-resistance performance of various varieties, the researchers of the dry-field clinics should go to the bottom of the greenhouse every day to find out. According to statistics, thousands of wheat varieties have been effectively screened by the Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Among them, 28 water-saving wheat varieties are widely used in production, making an important contribution to water-saving wheat production in North China. .

How about water saving, use numerical values ​​to speak

On the basis of extensive test identification, whether the variety is water-saving and drought-resistant, it is ultimately up to the comprehensive data indicators, and this indicator is the “Water Saving Index (WSI)”. “The water treatment yield and water-saving treatment yield of our comprehensive test varieties (systems), as well as the water treatment yield and water-saving treatment yield of the control varieties, the formula calculates the water-saving index of the tested varieties.” Zhang Wenying Introduction. Similarly, the drought resistance index (DI) is also calculated by formulating the values ​​of different yields in dryland and waterland by combining the materials to be tested and the control varieties.

With the goal of water-saving performance screening, the dry farm has improved a core identification index (water-saving index); two identification environments (simulated and natural); three water treatments (foot water, water limitation, drought); four Evaluation level (physical, biochemical, agronomic, yield); a set of wheat water-saving and drought-resistant identification techniques for evaluation in five growth stages (germination, seedling, heading, filling, and full growth).

“In fact, water-saving identification also represents a direction for variety certification. Under the new variety certification standards, green varieties such as water-saving and drought-resistant wheat can gradually form unique certification standards to promote the green quality of varieties. Further improvement." Ma Zhiqiang, director of the Variety Management Division of the Seeds Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said.

Wheat varieties screened by scientific rigorous identification are widely popular in production. “Hengguan 35” is a representative species of dry farming, and has been promoted in 9 provinces (cities) such as Hebei, Shandong and Henan. “Now, the village has 2,200 mu of land planted with 'Eight View 35', with an average water saving of 30-40 cubic meters per acre and a net efficiency of 100 yuan.” When it comes to the changes brought about by water-saving varieties, the town is late. Cao Lizeng, a former village party secretary, said.

“The essence of water-saving evaluation is to analyze the production efficiency of spring-watering one-water after planting, compared with traditional water-conducting water.” Xiao Shihe, secretary-general of wheat joint research and researcher at the Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. According to estimates, the existing water-saving varieties can save 10-30% of irrigation water than the general varieties, and if they promote 10 million mu, they can save 300 million cubic meters. Regarding the utilization efficiency of water by varieties, the problem of excessive irrigation water consumption in North China is gradually being solved from the variety level. (Farmers Daily)

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