Citron cultivation technology

Planting sites should be selected from deep, fertile, well-drained loamy soils. Before plowing, apply organic fertilizer as a base to enrich the soil and improve its fertility. Seeds can be sown in early February to early March in spring, or even during winter. Prior to sowing, soak the seeds in a 0.5% potassium permanganate solution for 2 hours, followed by soaking in warm water at 50°C for 2–3 cycles to ensure proper germination. In Shaanxi and Gansu, it is best to plant seedlings in mid-March to early April. Winter-planted seedlings are prone to freezing, so using raised beds with finely compacted soil is recommended. Sow using drills with a spacing of 30 cm and a seeding rate of 25 kg per acre. Before planting, remove the buds and soak them in warm water to prevent scalding. After sowing, cover the seeds with a layer of fire earth ash or yellow soil, about 2–3 cm thick. To protect the seedbeds, cover them with rice straw, which can be removed once the seedlings emerge. This method achieves an emergence rate of up to 96%. Once the seedlings appear, promptly remove the covering. When seedlings reach a height of 5 cm, thin them out, selecting only the strongest ones and spacing them about 7 cm apart. Apply fertilizer after transplanting, and repeat this process in June, July, and August. Nitrogen-based fertilizers are primarily used, starting with light applications and increasing as needed. By October, stop nitrogen fertilization as the plants enter their growing season. Seedlings can be planted in the same year, and larger ones can also be cultivated. One-year-old seedlings typically grow to about 50 cm tall with a root diameter of 0.7 cm. Planting density is around 20,000 per mu. For large seedlings, transplanting helps develop lateral roots. When taking seedlings from the nursery, carefully preserve the root ball and trim branches and leaves to improve survival rates during planting. In Xiangxi fields, it's common to cultivate 600–700 trees per acre, but optimal planting density can reach 1,200–1,400 per acre. This improves land use efficiency, increases fertilizer utilization, allows better light control for upright growth, and reduces ineffective growth through pruning. Secondary transplantation is crucial for healthy seedling development. In the second year, transplant the main roots into a nursery, with more than 5,000 seedlings per mu. A second transplant is done in the same year, cutting all shoots and transplanting them for sale at a density of 1,400 per mu. This method promotes dense root systems, enhances seedling survival (over 99%), and improves transportability. Using a "go big, stay small" approach helps with sales and ensures better light distribution and faster stalk growth. Proper fertilization is essential. Citrus seedlings are sensitive to drought and waterlogging. After heavy rain, drainage must be ensured, and in dry years, irrigation is necessary. Fertilize 3–4 times a year with compound fertilizer or urea at 50 kg per application, following the principle of surface application and balanced nutrition. After trials, it was found that T. sinensis seedlings should be transplanted after one year of growth. Avoid keeping seedlings in beds, as no successful examples exist. Transplanting over several years improves root development and survival. A planting density of 0.5 m x 0.3 m is ideal. Transplanting encourages lateral root growth, improving survival rates. In southern Shaanxi and Jiangsu, one-year-old seedlings are vulnerable to frost. During transplanting, cut off late-season shoots and cover with straw. Seedlings with trunks 2–4 cm in diameter are suitable. The trunk should have green bark; dark brown indicates aging, and such seedlings should not be planted. Prune branches based on age: 1/2 of branches cut between 3–6 years, 3/5 between 7–10 years, and 4/5 between 11–14 years. Prune lateral branches, leaving 1/3 to 2/3 of them evenly distributed. The best time to plant citrus is in mid-March to mid-April in southern Shaanxi and September in autumn. In Wuxi, the best period is March 25th to April 10th, followed by the rainy season. When raising scented stalks, mulch with a 30 cm diameter area, avoiding soil disturbance. Cut back branches and leaves, keeping 1–3 slices to reduce water loss. Do not cut too close to the top, or the crown may become elongated. To improve survival during transport, remove some lateral branches. Observations show that large seedlings without leaf removal have a survival rate of only 30–50%. Prune close to the main trunk, avoiding any stubs or torn bark. Planting pits should be at least 50–60 cm deep, wide, and long. The depth should match the root collar of the seedling. When planting, mix the soil thoroughly, ensuring it is tightly packed. For large seedlings, plant them straight and fill the hole completely, pressing the soil firmly. Whether planting on cloudy or sunny days, water the plants regularly. If exposed to dry conditions, water every 7 days for 3–4 weeks. Pest control involves two treatments annually. The first, in early July, targets bagworms, and the second, in mid-September, targets moths. Use 0.5 kg of trichlorfon per acre. In winter, prune to remove pests and diseased parts, ensuring healthy growth in the next season. Common pests and diseases include: 1. Leaf roller moth: Several generations occur yearly. They damage young shoots and kill seedlings. Control: Use 40% Dimethoate diluted 200–300 times. Combine with weeding and soil cultivation to eliminate larvae. 2. Beryllium bee: One or two generations per year. Larvae damage young leaves. Control: Spray 90% trichlorfon or 50% marathon emulsion at 2000 times, or use 0.5 kg of yanghuahua or Tripterygium tursicum powder mixed with 75–100 kg of water. 3. Cinnabar moth: Larvae feed on leaf buds, rolling leaves into spheres and killing new shoots. Control: Spray 90% trichlorfon at 4000–5000 times before nests form. Manually remove and burn nests if formed. 4. Powdery mildew: Gray-brown spots appear on the underside of young leaves, spreading to white powder. Control: Maintain healthy nurseries, remove infected plants, and spray Baume sulfur (0.3–0.5 degrees) every 10 days for 3–4 times.

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