Yam has a unique pattern of nutrient absorption that closely follows its growth cycle. During the germination phase, when the plant is small, its demand for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is relatively low. As the plant enters the vine development stage, its growth rate accelerates, leading to an increased uptake of nutrients—especially nitrogen, which plays a crucial role in promoting leaf and stem development. When the tuber formation stage begins, the plant’s above-ground parts reach their peak growth, and so does the demand for essential nutrients. For every 1000 kg of tubers produced, approximately 4.32 kg of pure nitrogen, 1.07 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, and 5.38 kg of potassium oxide are required, with an ideal N:P:K ratio of 4:1:5.
During the early stages of growth, it's important to apply a suitable amount of available nitrogen to support vine development. However, as the tubers begin to grow rapidly, the focus should shift to balanced fertilization, especially potassium, which enhances tuber size and quality. In the later growth stages, nitrogen application should be controlled to prevent excessive vine growth, which can reduce tuber yield. Yam is tolerant to chlorine, but high levels of chloride ions in the soil can lead to weak tuber formation, poor quality, and reduced storage ability. Therefore, it's best to avoid using chlorine-based fertilizers.
In terms of fertilizer dynamics, yam requires a long growing season and a significant amount of nutrients. Organic fertilizers are preferred due to their slow-release properties, which help maintain steady nutrient supply throughout the growing period. Phosphorus and potassium are particularly important during tuber formation, as they support starch accumulation and overall tuber quality. In the early growth phase, when temperatures are low and organic nutrients release slowly, applying a moderate amount of available nitrogen helps promote healthy stem and leaf growth. Later on, supplementing with phosphorus and potassium ensures strong tuber development, improves yield, and enhances product quality.
A base fertilizer composed of well-rotted organic manure, superphosphate, and appropriate potash is usually sufficient to meet the plant’s needs. If necessary, additional top-dressing with available nutrients can be applied in the later stages to prevent premature aging of the vines.
Yam is also prone to nutritional disorders in certain soil conditions. In infertile sandy soils, plants often show weak growth, small tubers, and low yields, although the tubers may have smooth skin and high market value. In contrast, heavy clay soils with high moisture and fertility can lead to excessive fibrous root growth, partial head or root development, and poor quality. Continuous cropping without proper rotation can cause soil nutrient imbalances, leading to reduced yields and increased risk of tuber rot. Additionally, overuse of unfermented manure can burn roots and damage the tubers, further affecting quality. It's essential to manage fertilization carefully and ensure balanced nutrition throughout the growing season.
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