One, watering. Compared to other agricultural techniques, cotton irrigation is highly impactful but also challenging to predict. In the northern and southern regions of the country, spring and summer are typically dry, and in some years, the drought can last until July 20th. To achieve high yields, it's generally necessary to irrigate cotton 1-2 times during its growth cycle in an average year, and up to 3 times in drier conditions. However, improper irrigation can lead to serious problems. The most difficult aspect to manage is the timing and method of the first irrigation.
The consequences of irrigation mistakes include: (1) Drought caused by delayed or missed irrigation can result in stunted vegetative growth and severe premature aging. In such cases, even with fertilizers, the plants won't respond effectively. (2) Excessive irrigation combined with heavy rain can cause the plant to grow too vigorously, leading to excessive foliage and dense canopy closure, which reduces air circulation and light penetration. (3) Delaying the first irrigation or failing to coordinate it with fertilizer application can lead to significant flower drop and poor growth point development, reducing the overall effectiveness of the irrigation.
To take control of the irrigation schedule, the first watering should be done early enough. It’s best to do it during the bud stage in June. If irrigation is delayed, the drought becomes too severe, and a large number of buds may fall off. If the drought isn’t addressed on time, applying a urea solution can help delay bud drop and reduce loss. Watering should be done with small amounts, using furrow irrigation if possible, and after watering, the soil should be cultivated promptly. If there's a light rain afterward, it can help enhance the effect.
If furrow irrigation is not feasible, narrow ridges can be used instead. The recommended amount of irrigation per mu is 25-30 cubic meters, equivalent to 37-45 mm of rainfall. Irrigation on sunny days should be done before 10 a.m. or after 4 p.m. to avoid drastic temperature changes in the soil. Farmers can judge when to water based on the interval between buds, the size of the buds, and the time from bud formation to flowering. If leaves show signs of wilting for a long time, it indicates that the plant's growth has been affected.
Second, plant management. Chemical control is an effective technique for shaping the cotton plant structure. It helps balance vegetative and reproductive growth, improves the field population structure, and is one of the most useful methods for increasing yield and adjusting planting density.
The technical difficulty of chemical control isn’t high, but understanding the right timing is crucial. In 2007, the author proposed the idea that "chemical control should come before lush growth." While farmers could understand this slogan, the practical application was still lacking. During a recent visit to rural areas from June 14 to 19, the author observed that most cotton fields had already developed 5-6 fruit branches, with plant heights of 35-40 cm. Despite this, many farmers had not yet applied the first round of chemical control.
Farmers often struggle with controlling the growth because they don’t see the need when the plants aren’t visibly overgrown. They know that prolonged growth periods can be harmful, but they’re unsure how to properly apply the control. In the north, due to shorter growing seasons, average planting density rarely exceeds 30 plants per mu, and 20-25 is more common. Plant height should not exceed 1 meter, ideally around 90-95 cm. With 13-14 fruit branches, the internode length should be controlled at about 5 cm, with a total length of 65 cm. The first fruit branch should be 20-25 cm above the ground, and the horizontal length of the fruit branches should not exceed 33 cm. The plant width should stay within 66 cm. The longest first fruit segment should be around 10 cm, and with four fruit segments, each should be 7-8 cm on average. Some plants have first fruit segments longer than 20 cm, mainly due to improper chemical control. Fast-absorbing varieties can quickly transfer the chemicals, making it hard to control where the spray reaches. If left to grow unchecked, more liquid, wider spray coverage, and slower application rates are needed to ensure every growing point is treated.
In practice, there are three main approaches to chemical control: First, the quantitative control method, usually divided into four stages, with lighter applications at the beginning and heavier later. Second, the multiple-control mode, which occurs every 8-10 days, with 0.5-1 gram per application, without increasing dosage later. Third, synchronization with foliar fertilizer application, promoting control while enhancing growth. To maintain consistent growth suppression (as sudden interruption can cause rapid regrowth), the second method is preferable. Many farmers stop after applying 1-2 rounds early on, thinking the results are good, only to see the plants rebound later in the season.
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