Chicken manure nutrition and fermentation

Chicken manure is a valuable resource that, when properly managed and processed, can be transformed into high-quality feed and fertilizer. According to research, an average of 100 grams of fresh chicken manure is produced per day per bird. In 1990, China had approximately 2.3 billion chickens, with Sichuan alone hosting over 400 million and Wenjiang County producing around 1.1 million annually. This results in about 84 billion kilograms of fresh chicken manure nationwide, 14.6 billion kilograms in Sichuan, and 40.15 million kilograms in Wenjiang. Dry matter accounts for roughly 59.04% of this, translating to 50 billion kilograms of dry chicken manure nationally, 8.62 billion in Sichuan, and 24 million in Wenjiang. Nutrient content in the dry matter is about 15%, which equates to 7.5 billion kilograms of grain equivalents in China, 1.3 billion in Sichuan, and 3.65 million in Wenjiang. The improper handling of chicken manure can lead to serious environmental pollution, particularly affecting water resources and public health. It also serves as a potential source of disease transmission among poultry. Using chicken manure as a feed source has several advantages. Chickens lack teeth and rely on their digestive system to break down food. However, due to their short intestinal tract, they only absorb about 30% of nutrients, leaving much undigested. This makes chicken manure rich in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, calcium, and phosphorus. The crude protein content ranges from 13.4% to 19.2% in broiler and laying hens, respectively. Each kilogram of dried manure contains 5.4g lysine, 1.8g cystine, and 5.3g threonine, along with B vitamins, especially B12. As a fertilizer, chicken manure outperforms pig and cow manure, containing 11.35 kg of nitrogen, 10.44 kg of phosphorus (P₂O₅), and 5.45 kg of potassium (K₂O) per ton. Many countries have adopted chicken manure as a commodity feed, such as Japan, Israel, Germany, and the U.S., where it's often used at 20–30% in livestock diets. In China, the Yilongda compound micro-ecological agent has been developed to ferment chicken manure, allowing up to 30% inclusion in swine feed with excellent economic returns. Fresh chicken manure has high moisture, odor, and impurities, making direct use inefficient. Fermentation enhances its usability by improving digestibility. For instance, after fermentation, the available protein content increases from 8.5% to over 17%. The fermentation process involves mixing 60% fresh chicken manure with 40% straw or rice bran, adding brown sugar, and adjusting moisture levels. The mixture is then sealed in containers and fermented anaerobically for 3–10 days in summer and 15 days in winter. Fermented chicken manure has shown positive effects on various animals. In pigs, it can replace up to 50% of concentrate feed, reducing costs while maintaining growth rates. In chickens, adding 10% fermented manure improves egg production and weight gain. For cattle, it provides a significant portion of crude protein needs, and for fish, it can be blended into pellet feed with other ingredients to enhance nutritional value. In some Southeast Asian countries, integrated systems combine chicken, pig, and fish farming, creating a circular economy. Chicken manure is used to feed pigs, whose waste is then used for fish ponds, maximizing resource efficiency. Additionally, chicken manure can be used to breed fly larvae and pupae, providing a high-protein feed source. After fermentation, chicken manure should be tightly sealed and stored in plastic bags or vacuum-sealed packaging to maintain quality for up to six months. This makes it easy to transport and sell, offering a sustainable solution for agricultural waste management.

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