In many regions of China this year, the combination of heavy rainfall, high humidity, and soaring temperatures has created a challenging environment for layer chickens. Prolonged heat can lead to heat stress and even heatstroke, causing reduced feed intake, lower egg production, and in severe cases, significant chicken mortality. As a result, poultry farmers are facing major challenges in maintaining productivity and ensuring the well-being of their flocks.
To combat these issues and sustain high and stable egg production, farmers should implement a series of effective feeding and management strategies.
**Cooling Measures**
1. **Ventilation**: The use of longitudinal ventilation is highly recommended, especially in enclosed chicken houses. This method involves installing a powerful exhaust fan at one end of the building and creating an air inlet on the opposite side. This setup creates a continuous airflow that passes over the flock, helping chickens stay cool and comfortable.
2. **Spray Cooling**: When natural ventilation is insufficient, spraying fresh, cool deep well water using a misting system during the hottest hours—noon and afternoon—can help reduce the temperature inside the house. Adding a small amount of disinfectant to the water can also improve hygiene and prevent disease spread.
3. **Shade Canopies**: Installing shade canopies on the sunny side of the chicken house and near the entrance helps block direct sunlight, lowering indoor temperatures by up to 2-3°C. These canopies are typically made from breathable, UV-resistant synthetic materials that allow good airflow while keeping the space cooler.
4. **Whitewashing**: Painting the walls and roof with white paint reduces heat absorption, as white reflects sunlight rather than absorbing it. This not only helps cool the house but also provides a hygienic environment that supports better poultry health.
**Optimized Feeding Practices**
1. **Feed Oils and Fats**: When temperatures exceed 25°C, hens tend to eat less, which can lead to nutrient deficiencies. To counter this, adding 1-2% animal or plant-based fats to the diet increases energy density and supports higher egg production. Also, increasing protein levels by 1-2% while maintaining amino acid balance can improve performance.
2. **Green and Juicy Feed**: Incorporating green feeds like grasses or vegetables into the diet enhances palatability and provides essential vitamins, boosting feed intake and overall health. This is particularly beneficial during hot weather when hens may be less interested in regular feed.
3. **Calcium Supplementation**: Since eggshell formation occurs mainly in the evening, providing soluble calcium sources such as limestone powder or shell grit in the afternoon helps improve shell quality and reduce the impact of heat stress.
4. **Feeding Schedule Adjustments**: During early morning and late evening, when temperatures are cooler, hens tend to eat more. Adjusting feeding times to coincide with these periods can increase feed consumption and support better egg production.
5. **Heat Stress Additives**:
- **Vitamin C**: Adding 100 mg of vitamin C per kg of feed or 0.1% in drinking water improves both egg production and immune response.
- **Herbal Supplements**: Certain Chinese herbs like Gypsum (plaster) and Scorpion help dissipate heat, while Musk and Citron aid in preventing heatstroke. Herbs like Polygala and Suanzaoren have calming effects and reduce stress.
- **Bacitracin Zinc**: This additive helps maintain feed intake and egg production in heat-stressed hens.
- **Sodium Bicarbonate**: Adding 0.1–0.2% sodium bicarbonate stabilizes blood pH, reducing the negative effects of heat stress. A higher dose (0.3–1%) can significantly improve egg production and reduce shell defects.
**Enhanced Management Practices**
1. **Clean and Cool Water Supply**: Providing ample, clean, and cool water is essential for maintaining hydration and health in laying hens. Adding probiotics to the water can also help prevent diarrhea and support gut health.
2. **Reduce Stocking Density**: High stocking density increases heat stress. Keeping hens at a lower density—ideally 5 birds per square meter in summer—helps them stay comfortable and reduces the risk of overheating.
3. **Regular Disinfection and Disease Prevention**: High temperatures and poor sanitation can lead to bacterial infections, especially in the digestive tract. Regular disinfection (2–3 times per week) and maintaining cleanliness in the coop are crucial. Spraying disinfectants not only kills pathogens but also helps cool the environment.
By implementing these strategies, poultry farmers can effectively manage heat stress and ensure better productivity and welfare for their layer chickens.
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