Artificial Breeding and Seed Breeding Techniques of Tanggu

Tanggu, scientifically known as *Oblontobutis potamophila*, is a small carnivorous fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae. It is commonly found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its surrounding waters. This species prefers habitats with silt and aquatic vegetation at the bottom of rivers and lakes. Due to its weak swimming ability, it relies on ambush feeding techniques to catch prey. Despite its small size, Tanggu is highly valued for its tender and delicious meat, making it a popular traditional dish in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. It is famously known as "cauliflower, pond, and oysters" during the breeding season. Historically, Tanggu was mainly caught through natural fishing. However, overfishing, industrial and agricultural development, and environmental degradation have led to a sharp decline in its natural population. As a result, wild stocks have become increasingly scarce. With rising market demand, many farmers have shown interest in aquaculture. However, limited availability of fry has hindered large-scale production. To address this issue, artificial propagation techniques have been developed to support sustainable farming. **1. Preparation of Broodstock** 1.1 Broodstock should be selected based on weight: females should weigh over 100g, while males should exceed 75g. 1.2 Age: Fish that have reached the second instar stage and have mature gonads are ideal. They should be healthy, with no injuries, diseases, or parasites. 1.3 Collection: Broodstock is typically collected from late autumn to early spring. When collecting in batches, it's best to keep them in the same pond to ensure uniformity. **2. Intensive Cultivation of Broodstock** 2.1 Pond Conditions: A suitable broodstock pond is about 1-1.5 mu (approx. 0.67–1.0 ha) with a depth of around 1.5m. The water must be clean, well-circulated, and free from pollution. 2.2 Pond Cleaning: One week before stocking, ponds are cleared of excess silt and disinfected using lime. Dry cleaning methods are used to eliminate pathogens and other harmful organisms. 2.3 Ecological Environment: Aquatic plants or peanut piles can be added to the pond bottom, along with fish nests made from tiles placed in shallow areas to provide shelter for the broodstock. 2.4 Disinfection: Collected broodstock are bathed in a 3–5% saline solution for 5–10 minutes to reduce the risk of disease. 2.5 Stocking Density: Approximately 500 groups per acre, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1 or slightly more males. 2.6 Feeding: Fresh bait fish are provided based on weather and water temperature. From March to April, feed quantity increases gradually. Daily feeding amounts are generally 3–5% of the fish’s body weight, adjusted according to their activity levels. 2.7 Daily Management: Regular water changes and lime applications help maintain water quality. Frequent inspections are necessary to monitor gonad development and detect any potential issues early. **3. Artificial Breeding Techniques** Artificial breeding can be conducted in cages or ponds. Using cages offers advantages such as flexibility in seedling production and simpler operation. 3.1 Sexual Dimorphism: Male and female Tanggu are easily distinguishable, especially during the breeding season. Males have narrow, pointed anal fins, while females have broader, rounder ones. Males also tend to be larger and darker in color. 3.2 Cage Breeding 3.2.1 Cage Preparation: Spawning cages are typically 2m x 1m x 1m in size, with incubators larger than 6m². Mesh material is used to ensure good water flow. 3.2.2 Ovary Placement: Spawning nests are made from matching tiles and placed in the cage at a density of 10 per square meter. 3.2.3 Parent Selection: In mid-April, broodstock is collected and placed in spawning boxes in a 1:1 ratio. Ten cages are set up for each batch. 3.2.4 Induction: Spawning is induced by changing water conditions, such as flushing water into the cages, without the need for hormones. 3.2.5 Egg Incubation: Fertilized eggs are moved to hatching cages, with one nest per square meter. Antifungal treatments like foflumarin are applied every two days to prevent infection. **3.3 Pond Breeding** 3.3.1 Nest Setup: Artificial nests are placed in parent ponds before the gonads mature. 3.3.2 Spawning Induction: Similar to cage breeding, water exchange is used to stimulate spawning in late April. 3.3.3 Hatching: Fertilized eggs are transferred to cement pools with continuous aeration. After about five days at 26°C, larvae begin to hatch. Care must be taken to prevent bacterial infections during this period. **4. Summer Flower Cultivation** 4.1 Cage Cultivation: Fertilized eggs are incubated in hatching cages. After three days, larvae are fed with copepods, egg yolk, and soy milk. Feeding is carefully controlled to avoid overfeeding and cannibalism. 4.2 Pond Cultivation 4.2.1 Pond Preparation: Ponds are cleaned and fertilized before stocking. Organic fertilizer is applied to enhance natural food sources. 4.2.2 Stocking: Fry are stocked at a rate of about 300,000 per mu after 7 days of hatching. 4.2.3 Feeding: Initial feeding starts on the fourth day, with two daily meals. Proper feeding ensures even growth and reduces competition among fish. **5. Important Precautions** 5.1 Broodstock should be collected and prepared in advance. Avoid using immature fish as parents to prevent losses. 5.2 Regular cleaning of cages and consistent feeding schedules are essential for healthy growth. 5.3 Disease prevention is key. Regular lime applications and good water management help maintain a healthy environment. 5.4 Aquatic plants should be introduced to provide shelter for young fish and reduce predation.

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