Efficient cultivation of bitter gourd after autumn

To ensure successful autumn bitter gourd cultivation, it's essential to follow a well-structured and scientifically sound approach. Here’s an improved and expanded version of the original content in English: --- 1. **Select High-Quality Seeds** Autumn bitter gourd is typically grown under high temperatures and dry conditions, which can lead to increased disease pressure and premature aging, especially during heavy rainy seasons. To overcome these challenges, it's crucial to choose varieties that are disease-resistant, high-yielding, vigorous, and have good marketability. Based on field experiments, the *Changbai* variety has proven to be an excellent choice for late autumn cultivation, as it adapts well to the local climate and performs consistently. 2. **Cultivate Strong Seedlings** Sowing too early may result in overlapping with summer bitter gourd harvests, leading to lower market efficiency. Conversely, sowing too late shortens the growth period, reducing both yield and profitability. In Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, the optimal sowing time for autumn bitter gourd is around early July. For other regions, adjust based on local climatic conditions. Before planting, soak seeds in water for germination, then disinfect the seedbed. Sow in thin rows with 10 cm spacing. After sowing, cover the ground with shade nets or straw to protect from direct sunlight and heavy rain. Water gently to avoid washing away seeds. The seedlings should be ready for transplanting after 20–25 days, usually between late July and early August. Gradually remove the coverings 3–4 days before transplanting to acclimatize the seedlings. 3. **Proper Transplanting Techniques** After the seedlings are ready, transplant them into well-drained plots free from waterlogging and previous melon crops to prevent diseases and premature aging. Proper plant spacing is key—keep plants 35 cm apart. A double-row single-seedling layout is recommended, with sorghum used as a support structure. Arrange the sorghum in a turtle-shaped pattern to prevent root waterlogging. The bed width should be 60 cm, with a ditch 15 cm deep. Plant approximately 2000 seedlings per mu (about 667 m²) to maximize yield and space utilization. 4. **Fertilization and Irrigation Management** Apply sufficient base fertilizer to ensure a steady supply of nutrients throughout the growing season, preventing issues like malformed fruits or reduced yields due to nutrient deficiency. Use 2500 kg of well-decomposed organic manure and 30 kg of compound fertilizer per mu. After transplanting, water the soil lightly to help the seedlings establish. Once they recover, loosen the soil and apply diluted human urine to promote healthy growth. When the plants start setting fruit, increase fertilization by applying 25 kg of compound fertilizer per mu, and top-dress with human waste after each harvest. Additionally, spray 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 10 days to enhance plant resilience and fruit quality. 5. **Vine Training and Pruning** By mid-August, begin shaping the vines into a "person" shape using stakes and spiral binding to improve nutrient transport. Remove all side branches below 50 cm to focus energy on the main vine. When the main vine reaches the top of the trellis, allow two lateral vines to grow in its place, while regularly pruning weak, dense, or excessive branches to maintain airflow and light penetration. This helps prevent disease and ensures uniform fruit development. By early October, remove all remaining branches to facilitate full harvesting before the cold weather sets in. 6. **Disease Prevention and Control** Common diseases in autumn bitter gourd include viral infections, bacterial leaf spots, and fungal outbreaks. To manage these: - Remove infected plants immediately and sprinkle lime around the area. Spray 20% virus A WP at 500 times dilution, or 5% bacteriostatic solution at 400 times, or 1000 times potassium permanganate for effective control. - After heavy rains, bacterial leaf spot is more likely. Apply 77% mancozeb WP at 500 times dilution or 72% streptomycin-soluble powder at 4000 times, alternating treatments for better results. - If disease appears, promptly remove affected plants, disinfect the area with lime, and spray 72% DuPont Kelu wettable powder at 1000 times dilution or 64% antiviral solution at 600 times to stop further spread. --- This comprehensive guide provides practical steps for successful autumn bitter gourd farming, ensuring high yield, quality, and disease resistance. With proper planning and care, farmers can achieve better returns and sustainable production.

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