Preventive remedy measures for dead seedlings in cotton fields

Cotton seedling death caused by diseases is a major challenge in agricultural production. A key solution lies in selecting disease-resistant varieties that are well-suited to local conditions. In areas with severe disease outbreaks, it's essential to prioritize varieties with strong resistance. These varieties may not always have the highest yield potential, but they offer better survival rates in high-risk zones. Conversely, in regions with milder or moderate disease pressure, choosing high-yielding varieties with good disease resistance can lead to a balanced increase in productivity. It's important to avoid a one-size-fits-all approach when selecting cotton varieties. Herbicide management is another critical factor. Overuse of pre-emergence herbicides has led to issues like chemical accumulation and crop damage. To address this, farmers should strictly control application rates and alternate herbicide types. For example, trifluralin should be applied at 2-3 liters per acre, ensuring even distribution and prompt soil mixing after spraying. Acetochlor dosage must also be adjusted based on active ingredient content and soil organic matter levels. Alternating herbicides such as DUR and BED can help reduce resistance development and improve long-term effectiveness. Soil preparation and fertilization play a vital role in promoting healthy seedlings. In northern cotton regions, applying base fertilizer during spring plowing—such as 1-2 kg of phosphorus, 20-25 kg of diammonium phosphate, 15-20 kg of potassium, and 5-7.5 kg of urea per acre—can significantly enhance growth. Watering should be timed carefully, ideally about half a month before planting, to ensure moisture retention and warmth. In southern regions, timely fertilization combined with proper drainage and ridge spacing (1-1.2 meters) helps prevent waterlogging and promotes better air circulation. Planting timing is crucial, especially for thermophilic crops like cotton. In northern areas, planting should begin when the 5 cm ground temperature stabilizes above 15°C. Farmers often follow the saying, “10 days early, 5 days late, and 7 days emergence,” emphasizing the importance of timing. In the south, seedling cultivation under mulch should align with transplanting schedules, keeping seedling age under 30 days to avoid overgrowth. Field management after emergence is equally important. Cultivating loose soil early helps warm the soil in the north and reduce moisture in the south. Regular and thorough tilling encourages strong root development and reduces the risk of seedling death. Early thinning of weak plants prevents the spread of disease, while late thinning ensures no gaps in plant coverage. After plastic film emergence, especially in May, careful monitoring and ventilation can prevent seedling burn. Disease prevention at the seedling stage is essential. Effective fungicides like topiramate, carbendazim, mancozeb, and fulvic acid should be applied before symptoms appear. Spraying urea solution before leaf emergence or wilting can also help strengthen seedlings naturally. If seedlings die despite preventive measures, quick action is necessary. Retaining two healthy plants in sparse areas, transplanting from dense patches, and maintaining proper field care can minimize yield loss. These practices ensure that even in adverse conditions, production remains stable and efficient.

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