Preventive remedy measures for dead seedlings in cotton fields

Cultivating disease-resistant cotton varieties is one of the most effective strategies to address the issue of seedling death caused by diseases. In practical production, cotton varieties are typically divided into two main categories. One type exhibits strong resistance and is commonly used in areas with high disease incidence. These varieties have good yield performance, but they may not be suitable for all regions. On the other hand, some varieties have moderate disease resistance but perform better in less affected areas. Therefore, in severely diseased regions where seedling death is a major problem, it's essential to choose varieties with stronger disease resistance. However, in milder or moderately diseased areas, selecting high-yielding varieties can lead to a balanced increase in productivity. It's important not to adopt a one-size-fits-all approach when choosing cotton varieties. Controlling pre-emergence herbicides is crucial to avoid issues caused by overuse or accumulation of chemicals. The first step is to strictly manage application rates, ensuring that the correct dosage is used. For example, trifluralin should be applied at 2–3 liters per acre, and the spray must be evenly distributed. After spraying, soil mixing should be done promptly to enhance effectiveness. For acetochlor, the dosage depends on the active ingredient content and should be followed precisely. In soils with high organic matter, the amount should be adjusted accordingly. Additionally, alternating herbicides like DUR or BED is recommended to prevent long-term resistance. Proper management of these chemicals is key to reducing harm to young plants. Applying base fertilizer, preparing fine soil, and ensuring proper planting conditions are essential for cultivating strong seedlings and preventing early death. In northern cotton regions, base fertilization is usually done during spring plowing, with an average of 1–2 tons per acre. This includes 20–25 kg of diammonium phosphate, 15–20 kg of potassium fertilizer, and 5–7.5 kg of urea. Watering should be done carefully after irrigation to maintain moisture and warmth, ideally about half a month before planting. This helps improve soil structure, promote germination, and support healthy seedling development. In southern regions, fertilization should be timely, combined with drainage measures to avoid waterlogging. Plant spacing should be between 1–1.2 meters, with single ridges preferred for better air and light circulation. Cotton is a heat-loving crop, so planting should not be too early, especially in areas prone to disease. In northern regions, planting should begin when the 5 cm ground temperature stabilizes above 15°C. As the saying goes, “10 days early, 5 days late, and 7 days for emergence.” This ensures optimal growth conditions. In southern areas, the timing of seedling cultivation under mulch should align with planting patterns and transplanting schedules. Seedlings should generally not exceed 30 days in age. For instance, in early April, seedlings are raised for transplanting in early May. Similarly, wheat or rapeseed transplanting requires careful planning to ensure seedlings are ready at the right time. Nutritional seedlings should be grown using disease-free soil, properly decomposed fertilizers, and well-disinfected seedbeds to avoid weak or tall seedlings. After emergence, field management plays a vital role in promoting strong seedlings and reducing dead seedlings. Cultivating the soil regularly helps warm the soil in the north and reduce moisture in the south. Early, frequent, and thorough cultivation is essential to encourage root development and improve plant resilience. Early seedling management is also critical—removing weak or late seedlings prevents the spread of disease and improves overall stand uniformity. When seedlings emerge under plastic film, especially in May, care must be taken to avoid heat damage. Ventilation through holes and gradually lifting the plastic film can help protect young plants. Comprehensive disease prevention during the seedling stage is necessary to control three major diseases: damping-off, wilting, and yellowing. Effective preventive agents include topiramate (Grade A), carbendazim, potassium permanganate, mancozeb, and fulvic acid. These should be applied before symptoms appear. Spraying urea solution before the onset of wilting, particularly before the third leaf stage, can also help strengthen seedlings and prevent early death. If seedling death occurs despite preventive measures, there are several remedial actions that can be taken to minimize yield loss. First, keeping two plants per hill in areas with sparse stands can help fill gaps. Pruning leaves strategically can also optimize space and resource use. Transplanting is another effective method, especially in densely planted areas. Large-scale transplanting involves digging pits, selecting healthy seedlings from dense areas, and replanting them in the empty spots. This technique has proven successful in many regions, as it avoids water stress and reduces transplant shock. Finally, strengthening field management after seedling death allows individual plants to reach their full potential, helping maintain yield levels even in challenging conditions.

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